Iris Murdoch'ın Birinci Kişi Anlatısında Okuyucunun Empati Duygusunun Suistimal Edilmesi
Oldukça üretken bir İrlandalı yazar ve filozof olan Iris Murdoch (1919-1999), kendisinin onbeşinci romanı olan ve ilk kez 1973 yılında duyurulan The Black Prince’i, sadece Platon’a karşı değil aynı zamanda Shakespeare ve Freud’a karşı da saygısını ifade etmek için yayımlamıştır. Bu romanın bir özelliği ise, Murdoch’ın ana karakterinin Freud’cu cinsellik betimlemesinin Shakespeare ve onun kurgusal karakteri olan Hamlet’e bir gönderme olduğunun roman boyunca tartışılmasıdır. Kurgusal bir yapıtta karakterle kurulan özdeşleştirme açıktır ve “okuyucuların karakterler ve kurgusal eserlerin diğer özelliklerine duydukları empati ve sempati sorgulanamaz” (Keen, 2007; vii). Fakat bu romanın yukarıdaki özellikleri yanında, The Black Prince okuyucunun kendisine duyduğu empatiyi suistimal etmeye çok yatkın bir ana karakteri betimler. Murdoch romanını belli başlı karakterlerinin tamamı tarafından yazılan önsöz ve sonsözler etrafında kurguladığından, tek anlatıcı ve bu nedenle de tek bilgi kaynağı olması beklenen ana karakter (The Black Prince anlatıcının karakterlerden birisi, genellikle de ana karakter, olduğu birinci kişi anlatımı örneğidir.) bu ayrıcalığını kaybedip – romanın kurgusal editörü ana karakterin de aralarında bulunduğu diğer karakterler tarafından anlatılan önsöz ve sonsözleri yayımladığından – kendi öykülerini anlatan diğer karakterler arasında yerini alır. Bu nedenle, roman boyunca ana karakter sadece doğruyu anlattığını yineler. Okuyucunun kendisine olan ilgisinin kaybolmasını istemez. Fakat, anlatımının ana konuları, diğer anlatıcıların ortaya koyduğu olgularla çelişir. Bu nedenle The Black Prince olayları anlatımı okuyucu için güvenilir olmayan bir ana karakteri betimler. Romanda okuyucuya doğru yerine doğrunun kendi yorumlamasını anlatan bir ana karakterin varlığı gözle görülür hale gelir.
Manipulation of the Reader's Empathy in Iris Murdoch's First-Person Narrative
As a very prolific Irish author and philosopher, Iris Murdoch published her fifteenth novel, The Black Prince, which was first announced in 1973, to pay homage not only to Plato, but also to Shakespeare and Freud. What is peculiar to this novel is the fact that it is especially discussed throughout the text that the Freudian sexual imagery of Murdoch's protagonist is a clear reference to both Shakespeare and his fictional creation, Hamlet. It is obvious that in a fictional work character identification requires empathy, and "There is no question ... that readers feel empathy with (and sympathy for) fictional characters and other aspects of fictional worlds" (Keen, 2007; vii). However, besides the above qualities of the novel, The Black Price pictures a protagonist who is very likely to manipulate the reader's empathy with him. As Murdoch unconventionally structured her novel to have forewords and postscripts by all of her main characters, her protagonist, who is supposed to be the only speaker and thus the only source of information for the reader (The Black Prince is an example of first-person narration where the narrator is one of the characters in the story, usually the protagonist of the text), loses his privilege and becomes just one of the speakers among other characters who have their own narratives - the forewords and the postscripts since the fictional editor of the novel publishes texts written by all of the main characters of the novel, including the protagonist. Because of this, th protagonist throughout the novel frequently announces that he tells the reader nothing but the truth. He does not want to lose the reader's interest on him as the protagonist of the novel that the reader is reading. However, the main points of his narration seem to contradict especially with the points that Murdoch's other main characters establish in their own narratives. Hence, The Black Prince depicts a protagonist whose account of the events fails to be reliable for the reader. It becomes quite possible in the novel that the protagonist tells the reader not the truth, but his own version of the truth
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- ISSN: 1302-1796
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 1992
- Yayıncı: Melikşah Aydın