Saheed Adekunle RAJİ, Shakirudeen ODUNUGA, Mayowa FASONA

Spatial Appraisal of Seasonal Water Yield of the Sokoto-Rima Basin

Understanding the dynamics of water yield as relates to water balance is vital for the functioning of ecosystems as well as model-based computation of their respective ecosystem services. In dryland regions such as the Sokoto-Rima basin, this is of cogent importance for effective planning, and management of its scarce water resources. In this study, we assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of quick flow (QF), local recharge (LR), and baseflow (B) between 1992 and 2015 using the Seasonal Water Yield (SWY) model of InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Service and Tradeoffs) software. Pre-classified land cover, rainfall, satellite-derived evapotranspiration, digital surface topography, and HYSOGs 250m soil datasets were used as software data inputs. The result of the study showed that QF, LR, and B depict similar spatial distribution with peak values generated within water-bearing land cover areas particularly water bodies and wetlands. QF was highest in 2002 (1,293.6 mm) while there were reductions in the subsequent years – 2012 and 2015. Similar patterns were observed in LR and B with much lower values. The temporal trend for the 23-year period of the study showed that QF had an increasing rate of 85,331 mm while decreasing rates of 56,131 mm and 27,597 mm were detected for LR and B respectively. Three key parameters – alpha, beta, and gamma showed evidence of sensitivity to changes in values. These water balance transactions provided an opportunity to review the impact of the sensitivity of the land cover, climate, and hydrogeological factors on water resources management particularly freshwater accounting in the Sokoto-Rima basin of the northwestern part of Nigeria.

PDF

___

[1] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, “Ecosystem and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis,” 2005. Island Press, Washington DC.

[2] H. Saarikoski, E. Primmer, S. Saarela, P. Antunes, R. Aszalos, F. Baro, P. Berry, G. G. Blanko, E. Gomez-Baggethun, L. Carvalho, J. Dick, R. Dunford, M. Hanzu, P. A. Harrison, Z. Izakovicova, M. Kertész, L. Kopperoinen, B. Köhler, ... and J. Young, “Institutional challenges in putting ecosystem service knowledge in practice,” Ecosystem Services, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 579–598, 2018.

[3] J. Yang, Y. C. E. Yang, H. F. Khan, H. Xie, C. Ringler, A. Ogilvie, O. Seidou, A. G. Djibo, F. van Weert, and R. Therme, “Quantifying the sustainability of water availability for the water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus in the Niger River Basin,” Earth’s Future, vol 6, pp. 1292–1310, 2018.

[4] J. A. Aznar-Sánchez, J. F. Velasco-Muñoz, L. J. Belmonte-Ureña, and F. Manzano-Agugliaro, “The worldwide research trends on water ecosystem services,” Ecological Indicators, vol. 99, pp. 310–323, 2019.

[5] C. Guo, and H. Xu, “Use of functional distinctness of periphytic ciliates for monitoring water quality in coastal ecosystems,” Ecological Indicators, vol. 96, pp. 213–218, 2019.

[6] F. Scordo, T. Lavender, C. Seitz, V. Perillo, J. Rusak, M. Piccolo, and G. Perillo, “Modeling water yield: assessing the role of site and region-specific attributes in determining model performance of the InVEST seasonal water yield model”, Water, vol. 10, pp. 1496, 2019.

[7] P. Hamel, J. Valencia, R. Schmitt, M. Shrestha, T. Piman, R. P. Sharp, W. Francesconi, and A. J. Gusawa, “Modeling seasonal water yield for landscape management: Applications in Peru and Myanmar. Journal of Environmental Management,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 270, pp. 110792, 2020.

[8] I. J. Ekpoh, and E. Nsa, “The effects of recent climatic variations on water yield in the Sokoto region of northern Nigeria,” International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 251–256, 2011.

[9] S. A. Abdullahi, M. M. Muhammad, B. K. Adeogun, and I. U. Mohammed, “Assessment of water availability in the Sokoto Rima River Basin,” Resources and Environment, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 220–233, 2014.

[10] H. Hamidu, M. L. Garba, Y. I. Abubakar, U. Muhammad, and D. Mohammed, “Groundwater resource appraisals of Bodinga and environs, Sokoto Basin north western Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 92–101, 2016.

[11] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “FAO AQUASTAT: Country profile Nigeria,” 2016. Available: http://www.fao.org/3/i9807en/I9807EN.pdf

[12] C. Albert, C. Galler, J. Hermes, F. Neuendorf, C. Von Haaren, A. Lovett, “Applying ecosystem services indicators in landscape planning and management: The ES-in-Planning framework,” Ecological Indicators, vol. 61, pp., 100–113, 2016.

[13] J. C. Clanet and A. Ogilvie, “Basin focal project Niger,” CPWF Project Report series, Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo, Sri Lanka, p 124.

[14] P. G. Oguntunde, B. J. Abiodun, and G. Lischeid, “Rainfall trends in Nigeria, 1901-2000”, Journal of Hydrology, vol. 411, pp. 207–218, 2011.

[15] I. B. Abaje, O. F. Ati, and E. O. Iguisi, “Recent trends and fluctuations of annual rainfall in the sudano-sahelian ecological zone of Nigeria: Risks and opportunities,” Journal of Sustainable Society, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 44–51, 2012.

[16] G. B. Senay, S. Bohms, R. K. Singh, P. H. Gowda, N. M. Velpuri, H. Alemu, J. P. Verdin, “Operational evapotranspiration mapping using remote sensing and weather datasets: A new parameterization for the SSEB approach,” Journal of American Water Resources Association, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 577–591, 2013.

[17] R. I. Maidment, D. Grimes, E. Black, E. Tarnavsky, M. Young, H. Greatrex, R. P. Allan et al., “A new, long-term daily satellite-based rainfall dataset for operational monitoring in Africa,” Nature Scientific Data, vol. 4, no. 170063, 2017. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2017.63.

[18] C. W. Ross, L. Prihodko, J. Anchang, S. Kumar, W. Ji, and N. P. Hanan, “HYSOGs250m, global gridded hydrologic soil groups for curve-number-based runoff modeling,” Scientific Data, vol. 5, no. 180091. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.91

[19] R. S. Sharp, H. T. Tallis, T. Ricketts, A. D. Guerry, S. A. Wood, E. Nelson, D. Ennaanay, S. Wolny, et al., “InVEST 3.7 User’s Guide,” 2019. Available: http://releases.naturalcapitalproject.org/invest-userguide/latest/

[20] S. U. Wali, K. J. Umar, S. D. Abubakar, I. P. Ifabiyi, I. M. Dankani, I. M. Shera, S. G. Yauri, “Hydrochemical characterization of shallow and deep groundwater in Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi State, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria,” Applied Water Science, vol. 9, no 169, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1042-5 .

[21] Japan International Cooperation Agency, “The project for review and update of Nigeria national water resources master plan: Volume 5 Supporting report”, 2014. Federal Ministry of Water Resources, Nigeria.

[22] S. M. A. Adelana, P. I. Olasehinde, and P. Vrbka, “Groundwater recharge in the cretaceous and tertiary sediment aquifers of northwestern Nigeria, using hydrochemical and isotopic techniques,” Groundwater and Human Development, E. Bocanegra, D. Martínez, H. Massone, H (Eds.), pp. 907–915, 2002.

[23] S. M. A. Adelana, P. I. Olasehinde, R. B. Bale, P. Vrbka, A. G. Edet and I. B. Goni, “An overview of the geology and hydrogeology of Nigeria”, in Applied groundwater studies in Africa, S. M. A. Adelana and A. M. McDonald, Eds. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, vol 13, pp. 171–198, 2008.

[24] S. M. A. Adelana, P. I. Olasehinde, and P. Vrbka, “A quantitative analysis of groundwater recharge in part of the Sokoto basin, Nigeria,” Journal of Environmental Hydrology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1–16, 2016.

[25] A. L. Vogl, J. H. Goldstein, G. C. Daily, B. Vira, L. L. Bremer, R. I. McDonald, D. Shemie, B. Tellman and J. Cassin, “Mainstreaming investments in watershed services to enhance water security: barriers and opportunities,” Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 75, pp. 19–27, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.05.007

[26] K. A. Brauman, “Hydrologic ecosystem services: linking ecohydrologic processes to human well-being in water research and watershed management.” Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water, vol. 2, pp. 345–358, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1081.

[27] C. E. R. Lehmann, “Savannas need protection”. Science, vol. 327, pp. 642– 643, 2010.

[28] A. J Guswa, P. Hamel, K. Meyer, “Curve number approach to estimate monthly and annual direct runoff,” Journal of Hydrological Engineering, 23, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943- 5584.0001606.

[29] H. Lu, Y. Yan, J. Zhu, T. Jin, G. Liu, G. Wu, L. C. Stringer, M. Dallimer, “Spatiotemporal water yield variations and influencing factors in the Lhasa River Basin, Tibetan Plateau,” Water, 12, 1498, 2020. doi:10.3390/w12051498

[30] S.Minga-León, M. A. Gómez-Albores, K. M. Bâ, L. Balcázar, L. R. Manzano-Solís, A. P. Cuervo-Robayo, C. A. MastachiLoza, “Estimation of water yield in the hydrographic basins of southern Ecuador,” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-529

[31] K. Sang-Wook, and J. Yoon-Young, “Application of the InVEST model to quantify the water yield of North Korean forests,” Forests, 11, 804, 2020. DOI:10.3390/f11080804.

[32] M. Sahle, O. Saito, C. Fürst, K. Yeshitela, “Quantifying and mapping of water-related ecosystem services for enhancing the security of the food-water-energy nexus in tropical data–sparse catchment,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol 646, 573–586, 2019.

[33] X. Yang, R. Chen, M. E. Meadows, G. Ji, J. Xu, “Modelling water yield with the InVEST model in a data scarce region of northwest China,” Water Supply. doi:10.2166/ws.2020.026

[34] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Chapter 10: estimation of direct runoff from storm rainfall. In Part 630: Hydrology: NRCS National Engineering Handbook, USDA National Resources Conservation Service, 2004. https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenN onWebContent.aspx?content=17752.wba RAJI et al. Spatial Appraisal of Seasonal Water Yield of the Sokoto-Rima Basin Sakarya University Journa