Comparison Of Reversible Image Watermarking Methods Based On Prediction- Errors

This study compares two reversible image watermarking algorithms applied to a digital image. The first algorithm is a method based on adaptive watermarking of prediction-errors. With this method, as in the existing reversible image watermarking methods, pixels are embedded in two different ways according to the values of prediction-errors instead of applying the same watermarking algorithm to all pixels in the imageAccordingly, the image pixels are divided into two blocks as uniform and non-uniform. The watermarking capacity has been increased by embedding 2-bit to specific pixels of uniform blocks and 1- bit to specific pixels of non-uniform blocks. The second algorithm is a method based on interpolation errors. In this method, interpolation error is utilized. The two methods compared with each other were compared with the existing methods in the literature by using computer simulations, and superior and weak aspects of the methods were determined.

PDF

___

J. M. Barton, “Method and Apparatus for Embedding Authentication Information Within Digital Data,” U.S. Patent 5 646 997, 1997.

C. I. Podilchuk, E. J. Delp, “Digital Watermarking: Algorithms and Applications,” July, pp. 33–46, 2001.

B. Furht, E. Muharemagic, D. Socek, “Multimedia Encryption and Watermarking. Springer. ”

D. M. Thodi and J. J. Rodriguez, “Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 721–730, Mar. 2007.

W. Hong, T. S. Chen, and C. W. Shiu, “Reversible data hiding for high quality images using modification of prediction errors,” J. Syst. Softw., vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 1833–1842, Nov. 2009.

Z. Ni, Y. Q. Shi, N. Ansari, and W. Su, “Reversible data hiding,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 354–362, Mar. 2006.

S. K. Lee, Y. H. Suh, and Y. S. Ho, “Reversible image authentication based on watermarking,” in Proc. IEEE ICME, 2006, pp. 1321–1324.

J. Tian, “Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 890–896, Aug. 2003.

F. Khelifi, A. Bouridane, F. Kurugollu and A. I. Thompson, “An improved waveletbased image watermarking technique,” IEEE Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2005., Como, 2005, pp. 588-592.

S. Vaidyanathan, A. Akgul, S. Kaçar and U. Çavuşoğlu “A new 4-D chaotic hyperjerk system, its synchronization, circuit design and applications in RNG, image encryption and chaos-based steganography,” Eur. Phys. J. Plus 133: 46 (2018).

A. Mansouri, A. M. Aznaveh, F. Torkamani-Azar and F. Kurugollu, "A Low Complexity Video Watermarking in H.264 Compressed Domain," in IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 649-657, Dec. 2010.

A. Akgul, S. Kacar, and B. Aricioglu, “A new two-level data hiding algorithm for high security based on a nonlinear system,” Nonlinear Dyn 90: 1123 (2017).

M. Fallahpour, “Reversible image data hiding based on gradient adjusted prediction,” IEICE Electron. Express, vol. 5, no. 20, pp. 870–876, Oct. 2008.

L. Luo, Z. Chen, M. Chen, X. Zeng, and Z. Xiong, “Reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 187–193, Mar. 2010.

L. Zhang and X. Wu, “An edge-guided image interpolation algorithm via directional filtering and data fusion,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 2226–2238, Aug. 2006.

M. J. Weinberger, G. Seroussi, G. Sapiro, “The LOCO-I Lossless Image Compression Algorithm: Principles and Standardization into JPEG-LS,” IEEE Trans. image Process., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1309–1324, 2000.

X. Li, B. Yang, T. Zeng, “Efficient reversible watermarking based on adaptive prediction-error expansion and pixel selection,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 3524–33, Dec. 2011.