Türkçeyi göçmenlik ortamında yetişkinken öğrenen anadili İtalyanca olanların artgönderim yorumu

Son yıllarda gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar, sözdizimi-söylem arayüzündeki yapıların ikidilliler için yatkın bir alana dönüştüğünü belirtir (bkz. Sorace, 2011). İki farklı dilin sözdizimsel özellikleri, isteğe bağlılığın artmasına bağlı olarak kısmen çakıştığında (Müller & Hulk 2001), çapraz dilbilimsel girişimin ortaya çıktığı öne sürülmüştür. Daha sonraki çalışmalar (ör. Sorace & Serratrice, 2009; Serratrice vb., 2012) tipolojik olarak benzer iki dil konuşan ikidillilerde çapraz dilbilimsel girişim olduğunu bulmuştur. Son yıllarda Sorace (2016), bu girişimin iki dilin işlenmesinin bilişsel yüküne bağlı olabileceğini öne sürmüştür. Bu çalışma tek dilli on iki İtalyandan oluşan kontrol grubu ile eşleştirilmiş, Türkçeyi göçmenlik ortamında yetişkinken öğrenen anadili İtalyanca olan on iki İtalyan ile gerçekleştirilmiş karmaşık cümlelerde geriye dönük artgönderim yorumu üzerine kabul edilebilir değerlendirme testi (Acceptability Judgment Test) verilerini sunmaktadır. İtalyanca ve Türkçenin araştırmadaki bağlamlarda, gizli ve açık özne zamirlerinin öncül önyargıları bakımından farklılık göstermediği varsayılmaktadır. Çalışmanın odak noktası tümceiçi artgönderimde açık/gizli öznenin üç durumda kabuledilebilir olduğudur: genel cümleler, niceleyici cümleler ve dilek/istek cümleleri. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar ikidillilerin ana cümle öznesine gönderimde bulunarak dilek/istek cümlesindeki içeyerleşik gizli özneyi tek dillilere oranla daha fazla reddettiğini göstermiştir. Bu verilerin, tek dilliler ve iki dillilerin açık zamirlerin yorumlanmasında farklılık gösterdiğini tespit eden (Sorace & Filiaci 2006) daha önceki çalışmalar ile çeliştiği görülmüştür. İtalyanca-Türkçe ikidillilerinde gizli zamir yatkınlığı konusunu tartışmak gereklidir ancak bu çalışma sözdizim söylemindeki arayüz yapılarının yatkın olduğu ve iki dillilik sürecinin çapraz dilsel müdahaleye katkıda bulunabileceği hipotezlerini yeniden canlandırmıştır.

Anaphora resolution in Italian-Turkish late bilinguals in immigrant setting

The research carried out in the recent years indicates that the structures at the syntax-discourseinterface fall in a vulnerable domain for bilinguals (Sorace, 2011 for review). It has been proposedthat cross-linguistic interference occurs when syntactic features of the two languages partially overlap(Müller & Hulk 2001 among others) due to the rise of optionality. Subsequent studies (e.g., Sorace &Serratrice, 2009; Serratrice et al., 2012) found a cross-linguistic interference in bilinguals speakingtwo typologically similar languages. Recently, Sorace (2016) has proposed that interference may bedue to the cognitive load of processing two languages. The present study analyzes the data collectedby employing an Acceptability Judgment Test on the interpretation of backward anaphora in complexsentences by twelve native Italian speakers, who had learned Turkish as adults in immigrationsetting, with twelve matched Italian monolinguals as a control group. It is assumed that Italian andTurkish do not differ with respect to the antecedent biases of null and overt subject pronouns in thecontexts under investigation. The focus of this study is on the acceptability of an overt/null subject inintrasentential anaphora with three conditions: general sentences, quantifier sentences, andsubjunctive sentences. Our results show that bilingual speakers reject, significantly more, the nullsubject in an embedded subjunctive sentence as referring to the subject in the matrix sentence thanthe monolinguals. These data seem to contradict previous studies (Sorace & Filiaci 2006), wherein itwas found that monolinguals and bilinguals differ in the interpretation of an overt pronoun. Adiscussion on why a null pronoun is vulnerable in Italian-Turkish bilinguals is needed. Though thisstudy reinvigorates the hypothesis that the structures at a syntax-discourse interface are vulnerableand that bilingual processing cost may contribute to cross-linguistic interference.

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