BURCU ERTİT TAŞTAN, İlknur KARS DURUKAN, MEHMET ATEŞ

Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna

Nanoparticles have great impact due to their tremendous industrial applications. However, their applications have produced toxicity effects on the aquatic environments and their detailed analyses are not clearly understood. Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) are being used extensively in many industries but are considered highly toxic to aquatic species residing in surface waters. This paper demonstrates the acute toxicity of a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3NPs in two aquatic species. The effects of various concentration (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L) of a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3 on the sensitivity response of the Chlorella sp. and D. magna were investigated. The growth of microalgal decreased with increased concentration of the a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3 NPs concentrations but did not show a significant toxic effect. The EC50 concentration value was 500 mg/L and LD50 concentration value was 1000 mg/L for a-Fe2O3 treated daphnids in 72 h, respectively. The findings demonstrate the significant evidence in understanding acute toxicity of Fe2O3 NPs for environmental protection as part of risk assessment strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Chlorella sp., -Fe2O3, -Fe2O3, nanoparticles, nanotoxicity, Daphnia magna

Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna

Keywords:

-Fe2O3, -Fe2O3, nanoparticles, nanotoxicity, Chlorella sp., Daphnia magna,

___

1. Sadiq, I.M., Pakrashi, S., Chandrasekaran, N., Mukherjee, A., “Studies on toxicity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles to microalgae species: Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp”, J. Nanopart. Res, 13: 3287–3299, (2011).
2. Fan, H.M., You, G.J., Li, Y., Zheng, Z. Tan, H.R., Shen, Z.X., Tang, S.H., Feng, Y.P., “Shape-controlled synthesis of single-crystalline Fe2O3 hollow nanocrystals and their tunable optical properties”, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113: 9928–9935, (2009).3. Hua, J., Gengsheng, J., “Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of monodisperse ?-Fe2O3 nanoparticles”, Mater. Lett, 63: 2725–2727,(2009).
4. Hsu, L.C., Li, Y.Y., Hsiao, C.Y., “Synthesis, electrical measurement, and fieldemission properties of -Fe2O3 nanowires”, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 3: 330–337,( 2008).
5. Seth, A., Lafargue, D., Poirier, C., Péan, J.M., Ménager, C., “Performance of magnetic chitosan–alginate core–shell beads for increasing the bioavailability of a low permeable drug”, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm, 8: 374–81, (2014).
6. Haun, J.B., Yoon, T.J., Lee. H., Weissleder, R., “Magnetic nanoparticleBiosensors”, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2: 291–30, (2010).
7. Chen, C.L., Zhang, H., Ye, Q., Hsieh, W.Y., Hitchens, T.K., Shen, H.H., Liu, L., Wu, Y.J., Foley, L.M., Wang, S.J., Ho, C., “A new nano-sized ironoxide particle with high sensitivity for cellular magnetic resonance imaging”, Mol. Imaging Biol, 13: 825–839,(2011).
8. Konry, T., Bale, S., Bhushan, A., Shen, K., Seker, E., Polyak, B., Yarmush, M., “Particles and microfluidics merged: perspectives of highly sensitive diagnostic detection”, Microchim. Acta, 176: 251–269, (2012).
9. Rümenapp, C., Gleich, B., Haase, A., “Magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging and diagnostics”, Pharm. Res, 29: 1165–1179,(2012).10. Maier-Hauff, K., Ulrich, F., Nestler, D., Niehoff, H., Wust, P., Thiesen, B., Orawa, H., Budach, V., Jordan, A., “Efficacy and safety of intratumoral thermotherapy using magneticiron-oxide nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy on patients with recurrent glioblastomamulti for me”, J. Neurooncol, 103: 317–324, (2011).
11. Soenen, S.J.H., De Cuyper, M.,”Assessing iron oxide nanoparticle toxicity in vitro: current status and future prospects”, Nanomedicine, 5 (8): 1261–1275,(2010).
12. Karlsson, H.L., Cronholm, P., Gustafsson, J., Moller, L., “Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes”, Chem. Res. Toxicol, 21 (9): 1726–1732, (2008).
13. Karlsson, H.L., Gustafsson, J., Cronholm, P., Möller, L., “Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles—a comparison between nano- andmicrometer size”, Toxicol. Lett, 188 (2): 112–118,(2009).
14. Pandey, R.K., Prajapati, V.K., “Molecular and immunological toxic effects of nanoparticles”, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. Part A, 107: 1278-1293, (2018).
15. Zhu, M.T., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Yuan, L., Wang, H.J., Wang, M., Ouyang, H., Chai, Z.F., Feng, W.Y., Zhao, Y.L., “Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by iron oxide nanoparticle exposure: risk factors for early atherosclerosis”, Toxicol. Lett, 203 (2): 162–171,( 2011).
16. Mahmoudi, M., Simchi, A., Imani, M., Shokrgozar, M.A., Milani, A.S., Häfeli, U.O., Stroeve, P., “A new approach for the in vitro identification of the cytotoxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles”, Colloids. Surf. B: Biointerfaces, 75 (1): 300–309, (2010).
17. Zhu, M.T., Feng, W.Y., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Wang, M., Ouyang, H., Zhao, Y.L., Chai, Z.F., “Particokinetics and extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled ferric oxide nanoparticles in rats and the potential health risk assessment”. Toxicol. Sci, 107 (2): 342–351, (2009).
18. Tang, Y.L., Guan, X.H., Wang, J.M., Gao, N.Y., Mc Phail, M.R., Chusuei, C.C., “Fluoride adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide: effects of ionic strength, pH, surface loading, and major co-existing anions”, J. Hazard. Mater. 171(1–3), 774–779. 2009.
19. Guan, X.H., Wang, J.M., Chusuei, C.C., “Removal of arsenic from water using granular ferric hydroxide: macroscopic and microscopic studies”, J. Hazard. Mater, 156(1–3):178–185, (2008).
20. Baumann, J., Koser, L., Arndt, D., Filser, J., “The Coating Makes the Difference: Acute Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Daphnia magna”, Sci. Tot. Environ, 484: 176, (2014).
21. Zhu, H., Han, J., Xiao, J.Q., Jin, Y., “Uptake, translocation, and accumulation of manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles by pumpkin plants”, J. Environ. Monit, 10: 713-717, (2008).
22. Zhu, X., Tian, S., Cai, Z., “Toxicity assessment of iron oxide nanoparticles in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages”, PLoS ONE, 7(9): 462-486, (2012).
23. Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V., Anbazhagan, C., “Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture”, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 27: 1737–1746,(2011).
24. Murdock, R.C., Braydich-Stolle, L., Schrand, A.M., Schlager, J.J., Hussain, S.M., “Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique”, Toxicol. Sci, 101: 239–253, (2008).
25. Gurunathan, S., Han, J.W., Kim, E.S., Park, J.H., Kim, J.H., “Reduction of graphene oxide by resveratrol: A novel and simple biological method for the synthesis of an effective anticancer nanotherapeutic molecule”, Int. J. Nanomed, 10: 2951–2969, (2015).
26. Sapsford, K.E., Tyner, K.M., Dair, B.J., Deschamps, J.R., Medintz, I.L., “Analyzing nanomaterial bioconjugates: A review of current and emerging purification and characterization techniques”, Anal. Chem. 83: 4453–4488, (2011).
27. Taştan, B.E., Duygu, E., Donmez, G., “Boron bioremoval by a newly isolated Chlorella sp. and its stimulation by growth stimulators”, Water Res, 46: 167–175, (2012).
28. Rippka, R., “Recognition and identification of cyanobacteria”, Methods in Enzymology, 167: 28–67,(1988).
29. OECD, “Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria”, Growth Inhibition Test. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, Guideline 201, (2011).
30. Balusamy, B., Taştan, B.E., Ergen, S.F., Uyar, T., Tekinay, T., “Toxicity of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles in aquatic environments”, Environ. Sci.: Process. Imp, 17: 1265-1270, (2015).
31. OECD, Daphnia sp., “Acute Immobilisation Test”. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, Guideline 202, (2004).
32. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A., Kriedemann, P.E., “Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy”, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (BBA) – Bioenergetics, 975: 384–394, (1989).
33. Ip, P.F. Chen, F., “Production of astaxanthin by the green microalga Chlorella zofingiensis in the dark”, Process. Biochem, 40: 733–738, (2005).
34. Kenney, J., Keeping, E. S., “Standard Error of the Mean in N. Princeton and V. Nostrand (eds.)”, Mathematics of Statistics, 110: 132-133, (1951).
35. Jesus, J.R., Lima, J.S., Moura, O., Duque, G.S., Meneses, T. “Anisotropic growth of -Fe2O3 nanostructures”, Ceram. Int, 44, 3585-3589, (2018).
36. Parsianpour, E., Gholami, M., Shahbazi, N., Samavat, F., “Influence of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticle thin films”, Surf. Interface Anal, 47: 612–617, (2015).
37. Clogston, J.D., Patri, A.K., “Zeta potential measurement”, Methods Mol Biol, 697: 63–70, (2011).
38. Ates, M., Daniels, J., Arslan, Z., Farah, I.O., “Uptake and toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to brine shrimp (Artemia salina)”, Environ. Monit. Assess, 185: 3339–3348, (2013).