Acil Servise Yılan Isırması Nedeniyle Başvuran Hastaların Demografik ve Klinik Özellikleri

Amaç: Yılan zehirlenmeleri ciddi mortalite ve morbiditeye neden olabilir. Bu çalışmada Acil Tıp Kliniğine yılan ısırması tanısı ile başvuran hastaların hastaneye ulaşma süreleri, ısırılan bölgeleri, klinik evreleri, antivenom ihtiyacı ve dozları, hastanede kalış süreleri arasındaki ilişki ve kan biyokimyasındaki değişikliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza Mart 2011- Haziran 2013 tarihleri arasında Adana Numune Eğitim Araştırma Hastanesi Acil Tıp kliniğine yılan ısırması şikayeti ile başvuran 34 hasta dahil edildi. Bu çalışmada Acil Tıp Kliniği’ne yılan ısırması tanısı ile başvuran hastaların hastaneye ulaşma süreleri, ısırılan bölgeleri, klinik evreleri, antivenom ihtiyacı ve dozları, hastanede kalış süreleri arasındaki ilişki ve kan biyokimyasındaki değişiklikler değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda Evre 0'da 9 (%26,5) hasta, Evre 1'de 5 (%14,7) hasta, Evre 2'de 17 (%50,0) hasta ve Evre 3'de 3 (%8,8) hasta olduğu saptandı. Klinik takiplerinde 24 saatten daha fazla süre hastanede kalan hastaların antivenom alma oranı ve antivenom miktarı 24 saatten daha az hastanede kalanlardan anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti. Çalışmamıza alınan hastalar evrelerine göre Evre 0-1 ve Evre 2-3 olarak iki gruba ayrılarak bu iki grubun aldıkları antivenom dozları karşılaştırıldı. Evre 2-3 olan gruptaki hastaların aldıkları ortalama antivenom dozu 4.15±2,06 iken, evre 0-1 grup hastalarda 1,83±1,17 olarak bulundu. Sonuç: Yılan zehirlenmelerinde evrelemeye göre yüksek doz antivenom tedavisi önerilse de öncelikli olarak anlık yüksek doz yerine düşük doz antivenom tedavi ile başlanabilir ve klinik takibe göre ek doz antivenom tedavi uygulanabilir.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Snakebite

Objective: Snake poisonings can cause severe morbidity and mortality. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate arrival times of the patients admitted to the Emergency Medicine Department with a diagnosis of snakebite, bitten areas, clinical manifestations, the need for antivenom doses, the relationship between the length of hospital stay and changes in blood biochemistry. Materials and Methods: The total number of 34 patients admitted to the Emergency Department of Adana Numune Education and Research Hospital between March 2011 and June 2013 were included in this study. In this study, arrival times of the patients admitted to the Emergency Medicine Department with a diagnosis of snakebite, bitten areas, clinical manifestations, the need for antivenom and their doses, the relationship between the length of hospital stay and changes in blood biochemistry were evaluated. Results: In our study, 9 (26.5%) patients were grade 0, 5 (14.7%) patients, were grade 1, 17 (50.0%) patients were grade 2, 3 (8.8% ) patients were grade 3. In the clinical follow-up of the patients, the rate of antivenom uptake and the amount of antivenom in patients stay in the hospital for more than 24 hours were significantly higher than the ones that stay in the hospital less than 24 hours. In our study, patients were divided into two groups according to the stages with stage 0-1 and stage 2-3, and doses of antivenoms that they take were compared. The mean dose of antivenom in the group of patients with stage 2-3 was 4.15 ± 2.06, and this value was 1.83 ± 1.17 in patients with stage 0-1. Conclusions: Despite high-dose antivenom therapy is recommended snake poisonings according to the staging, low-dose antivenom therapy should be considered instead of high-dose antivenom therapy and an additional dose of antivenom could be used according to the clinical follow-up.

___

  • 1. Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe AR, de Silva N. The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e218.
  • 2. Gold Barry S, Dart Richard C, Barish Robert A. Bites of Venomous Snakes New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347(5):347.
  • 3. Russell FE. When a snake strikes. Emerg Med. 1990;22(12):33–43.
  • 4. Mackessy SP. Biochemistry and pharmacology of colubrid snake venoms.Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews. 2002;21(1):43-83.
  • 5. Baran İ, Başoğlu M. Türkiye Sürüngenleri, Kısım 2, Yılanlar Ege Üniversitesi. Basımevi, İzmir, 1998:9-25.
  • 6. Gökel Y, Başlamışlı F, Koçak R. Çukurova yöresinden yılan ısırmaları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 1997;22:184-8.
  • 7. Warrell DA. Treatment of snakebite in the Assia Passific: A personal view. In: Gopalaksishnakone P, Chou LM, eds. Snake of medical importance singapore venom ad. Toxin Research Group. National University of Singapore. 1990;641-70.
  • 8. Jarwani B, Jadav P, Madaiya M. Demographic, epidemiologic and clinical profile of snake bite cases. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2013;6(3):199-202.
  • 9. Heiner JD, Bebarta VS, Varney SM, Bothwell JD, Cronin AJ. Clinical Effects and Antivenom Use for Snake Bite Victims Treated at Three US Hospitals in Afghanistan. Wilderness Environ Med. 2013 Jul 16. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2013.05.001. [Epub ahead of print].
  • 10. McKinney EP. Out of hospital and interhospital management of crotaline snakebite. Annals of Emerg Med. 2001;37(2):168-75.
  • 11. Michael GC, Thacher TD, Shehu MI. The effect of pre-hospital care for venomous snake bite on outcome in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105(2):95-101.
  • 12. Al-Durihim H, Al-Hussaini M, Bin Salih S, Hassan I, Harakati M, Al Hajjaj A. Snake bite envenomation: experience at King Abdulaziz Medical City East. Mediatr Health J. 2010;16(4):438-41.
  • 13. Roberts JR, Otten EJ. Snakebites and other reptiles. In: Goldfrank LR, ed. Goldfrenk’ s Toxicolojic Emergencies. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange,1998:1603-23.
  • 14. Tagwireyi DD, Ball D, Nhachi C. Routine prophylactic antibiotic use in the management of snakebite. BMC Clinical Pharmacology. 2001;1(4).
  • 15. Clark R F, Selden BS, Furbee B. The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation. J Emerg Med. 1993;11:583-6.
  • 16. Scharman E J, Noffsinger D V. Copperhead Snakebites: Clinical severity of local effects. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001; 38(1): 55-61.
  • 17. Açikalin A, Gökel Y. Serum IL-6, TNFα levels in snakebite cases occurring in Southern Turkey. Emerg Med J. 2011 Mar; 28(3): 208-11.
  • 18. Juckett G, Hancox G J. Venomous snakebites in the United States: Management review and update. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:1367-74.
  • 19. Ibister GK, Brown SG, MacDonald E, White J, Currie BJ. Australian Snakebite Project Investigators. Current use of Australian snake antivenoms and frequency of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis. Med J. 2008;188(8):473-6.