___

• Alford, J., Europe in Western Alliance, London: MacMillan, 1988.
• Aybet, G., A European Security Architecture of the Cold War, London: MacMillan, 2000.
• ———————, ‘NATO’s Developing Role in Collective Security’, SAM Papers, No: 4/99, Ankara, June 1999.
• ———————, The Dynamics of the European Security Co-operation, 1945-1991, London: MacMillan, 1997.
• Axworthy, L., ‘NATO’s New Security Vacation’, NATO Review, No. 4, winter 1999.
• Bennet, A. and Lepgold, J., ‘Reinventing Collective Security after the Cold War’, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 18, Issue 2, 1993.
• Buzan, B. et al, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, London: Lynee Rienner Pub., Crawford, B. (ed), The Future of European Security, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 1992.
• Davis, M. J. (ed), Security Issues in the Post-Cold War, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd, 1996.
• Downs, G. W. (ed), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994
• Edwards, G. and Burrows, B., The Defence of Western Europe, Norfolk: Butterworths, 1982.
• Eliassen, K. A. (ed), Foreign and Security Policy in the European Union, London: Sage Pub., Geusau, A. V., The Security of Western Europe, London: Sherwood Press, 1985.
• Groom, J. R. et al, Frameworks for International Co-operation, London: Pinter, 1990.
• Guicherd, C., ‘International Law and the War in Kosovo’, Survival, Vol. 41, No. 2, summer 1999.
• Howorth, J., ‘European Integration and Defence: The Ultimate Challenge’, Chaillot Paper 43, November 2000.
• Katzenstein, P. J. (ed), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
• Kelleher, C. M., The Future of European Security: An Interim Assessment, Washington DC: The Brooklyns Inst., 1995.
• Klare, M. T and Thomas, DC, World Security, New York: St. Martins Press, 1991.
• Kolodziej, E. A., ‘Renaissance in Security Studies: Caveat Lector’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, Issue 4, December 1992.
• Kupchan, C. A., ‘Concerts, Collective Security and the Future of Europe’, International Security, Vol. 16, Issue 1, summer 1991.
• ————————, ‘Promise of Collective Security’, International Security, Vol. 20, Issue 1, summer 1995.
• Ove, B., ‘Should NATO Continue to be the Lead in Formulating a Doctrine on Humanitarian Intervention’, NATO Review, No. 3, autumn 1999.
• Pinder, J., The Building of the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Pye, L. W., The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.
• Ruhle, M., ‘Taking another Look at NATO’s Role in European Security’, NATO Review, No. , winter 1998.
• Snyder, G. H., ‘The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics’, World Politics, Vol. 36, Issue , 1984.
• Taylor, T., European Defence Co-operation, London: RIIA, 1984.
• Tilly, C., Coercion, Capital and European States AD 990-1992, UK: Blackwell, 1992.
• Ulusoy, H., ‘A Survey on Current Major NATO Issues’, Perceptions, Vol. VI, No. 1, March- May 2001.
• Walt, S., The Origins of Alliance, Ithaca: Cornel, 1987.
• ————————, ‘The Renaissance of Security Studies’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1991.
• Waltz, K., Theory of International Politics, Reading: Addison & Wesley, 1979.
• Weiss, T. G., Collective Security in a Changing World, Colombia: Lynee Rienner Pub., 1993.
• NATO, EU, WEU, UN Official Web Sites. _____________________ A.V. Geusau, The Security of Western Europe, London: Sherwood Press, 1985, p. 2.
• C. Thune, ‘Problems of Transition’ in J. Alford et al, Europe in Western Alliance, London: MacMillan Press, 1988, p.87.
• G. Edwards and B. Burrows, The Defence of Western Europe, Norfolk: Butterworths, 1982, p. 91.
• B. Buzan et al, Security, A New Framework for Analysis, London: Lynee Rienner Pub., 1998, p. 3. Ibid.
• S. Walt, ‘The Renaissance of Security Studies’, International Studies Quarterly, Vo. 35, No.2, 1991, pp. 212-213. Buzan, op.cit., p. 2.
• P. J. Katzenstein (ed), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in Word Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 8-9.
• See the introduction in Buzan, op.cit, pp. 1-21. Generally speaking, security issues requiring military options and relating to defense are considered ‘hard’ ones whereas others that require non-military measures such as conflict prevention are regarded as ‘soft’. But this distinction today appears to be less relevant in view of events and experience in world affairs. See for details M. T. Klare and D. C. Thomas (ed), World Security, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991. Buzan, op.cit., pp. 23-24. Ibid., p. 24.
• J. C. Garnett, ‘Introduction: Coflict and Security in the “New World Order”’ in M. J. Davis (ed), Security Issues in the Post-Cold War, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd., 1996, p. 10.
• G. W. Downs, ‘Beyond the Debate on Collective Security’, in G. W. Downs (ed), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994, pp. 1-17.
• See K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading: Addison & Wesley, 1979 and also S.
• Walt, The Origins of Alliance, (Ithaca: Cornel, 1987)
• See for details S. Weber, ‘Does NATO have a future?’ in Crawford, B. (ed), The Future of European Security, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 1992, pp. 360-395.
• For the views of Deutch, see particularly E. Adler, ‘Europe’s New Security Order: A Pluralistic Security Community’, and P. W. Schultze, ‘Competing for European Security: The CSCE, NATO and the European Community in a Changing International Environment’, both in B. Crawford (ed), The Future of European Security, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 1992. Adler, op.cit., p. 294.
• See C. A. Kupchan, ‘Concerts, Collective Security and the Future of Europe’, International Security, Vol. 16, Issue 1, summer 1991.
• The Security dilemma refers to the notion that a state’s efforts to increase its security by threatening another state, which then responds with steps to increase its own security, paradoxically erodes the first state’s security. See C. A. Kupchan, ‘The Case for Collective Security’, in G. W. Downs (ed), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994, pp. 41-69.
• See E. A. Kolodzej, ‘Renaissance in Security Studies Caveat Lector’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, Issue 4, December 1992.
• See C. A. Kupchan, ‘Promise of Collective Security’, International Security, Vol. 20, Issue 1, summer Downs and Iiada, op. cit., in note 21, p. 32. C. Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1992, Cambridge: Blackwell Pub., 1992, p. 1. Ibid., p.96. Ibid.
• C. Tilly , ‘Reflections on the History of European State-Making’, in C. Tilly, The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975, pp. 3-84.
• Tilly, op.cit., in note 25, p. 96. Downs, op.cit., in note 14, p. 2. Ibid. Ibid. p. 3. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. J. Pinder, The Building of the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 4. Ibid.
• See L. Gardneek and T. G. Weiss, ‘The Collective Security Idea and Changing World Politics’ in T. G. Weiss (ed), Collective Security in a Changing World, Colombia: Lynee Rienner Pub., 1993. Pinder, p. 9.
• G. Aybet, The Dynamics of the European Security Co-operation; 1945-1991, London: Macmillan, 1997, p. 57. Aybet, op.cit., p. 58.
• Article 224 of the Rome Treaty was argued to be interpreted to permit the EC as a body in which members would consult, concern with defense in cases the EC’s operation might be under threat as a result of civil or international disorder. See T. Taylor, European Defense Cooperation, (London: RIIA, 1984), p. 18. Schulze, op.cit., p. 327. Ibid. p. 334. Aybet, op.cit., p. 162. Schulze, p. 331.
• K. A. Eliassen, ‘Introduction: The New European Foreign and Security Policy Agenda’ in K. A. Eliassen (ed), Foreign and Security Policy in the European Union, London: Sage Pub., 1998, pp. 1-9.
• See Ibid and also G. Aybet, A European Security Architecture of the Cold War, London: MacMillan, , p. 97. M. Rühle ‘Taking another Look at NATO’s Role in European Security’, NATO Review, No: 4, winter , p. 20. See for details C. M. Kelleher, The Future of European Security: An Interim Assessment, Washington DC: The Brooklyns Inst., 1995. Ibid.
• Katzenstein, op.cit., p. 7. L. Axworthy, ‘NATO’s New Security Vocation’, NATO Review, No: 4, winter 1999, p. 8. Katzenstein, p. 8.
• Aybet, op.cit., in note 50 and also her paper ‘NATO’s Developing Role in Collective Security’, SAM Papers, No: 4/99, Ankara, June 1999.
• Ibid. and see also J. Howorth, ‘European Integration and Defence: The Ultimate Challenge’, Chaillot Paper 43, November 2000. See Howorth, op.cit. Schulze, op.cit., p. 348.
• Press Statement by NATO Secretary General, 23 March 1999, NATO Press Release (1999) 040.
• See B. Ove, ‘Should NATO to be the Lead in Formulating a Doctrine on Humanitarian Intervention?’, NATO Review, No. 3, autumn 1999, p. 25. Ibid., p. 27.
• Aybet, op.cit., in note 57, p. 8. See The NATO Handbook Chronology, A Companion Volume to the 50th Anniversary Edition of the NATO Handbook 1998, Brussels: Information and Press Office Publication, 1999.
• Aybet, op.cit., in note 57, p. 8. NATO Press Release on 12 September 2001, www.nato.int.