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• Nico Carpentier, Understanding Alternative Media, Buckingham, Open University Press, 2008, pp.12- 20.
• See example, Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Vintage, London, 1994. Noam Chomsky, “What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream?” at http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199710.htm; Cemil Aydin and Juliane Hammer, “Muslims and Media: Perceptions, Participation, and Change”, Contemporary Islam, Vol. 4, No. 1 (April 2010), p. 3.
• Edward Said, Orientalism, New York, Pantheon Books, 1978, p. 2.
• Yücel Bulut, Oryantalizmin Eleştirel Kısa Tarihi, İstanbul, Yöneliş Yayınları, 2001, p. 10.
• Bryan S. Turner, Orientalism, Postmodernism and Religion, London, Routledge, 1994, p. 5.
• Edmund Burke III and David Prochaska, “Introduction: Orientalism from Postcolonial Theory to World History”, in Edmund Burke III and David Prochaska (ed.), Genealogies of Orientalism: History, Theory, Politics, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, 2008, p. 1. See also. Mahmut Mutman, “Şarkiyatçılık/Oryantalizm”, in Uygur Kocabaşoğlu (ed.), Modern Türkiye’de Siyasî Düşünce: Modernleşme ve Batıcılık Vol. 3, İstanbul, Iletisim Yayınları, 2002.
• Mahmut Mutman, “Under the Sign of Orientalism: The West vs. Islam”, Cultural Critique, No. 23 (Winter 1992/93), p. 169.
• See Carel Bertram, Imagining the Turkish House, Texas, University of Texas Press, 2008.
• See Semra Germaner and Zeynep İnankur, Turkey and Orientalism, İstanbul, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989.
• Matthew Gumpert, “‘Every Way That I Can’: Auto-Orientalism at Eurovision 2003”, in Ivan Raykoff and Robert Deam Tobin (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest, London, Ashgate Publishing, 2007, p. 157.
• Hilmi Yavuz, “Modernleşme: Parça mı, Bütün mü? Batılılaşma: Simge mi, Kavram mı?”, Modernleşme ve Batıcılık, Vol. 3, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2002, pp. 212-218.
• Sadik Jalal Al-Azm, “Orientalism in Reverse”, Khamsin: Journal of Revolutionary Socialists of the Middle East, No. 8 (1981), pp.5-26.
• Ussama Makdisi, “Ottoman Orientalism”, American Historical Review, Vol. 107, No. 3 (2002), pp.768-96.
• Milica Bakic-Hayden, “Sürekli Çoğalan Oryantalizmler: Eski Yugoslavya Örneği”, in Aytaç Yıldız (ed.), Oryantalizm: Eleştiri Metinleri, Ankara, Doğu-Batı Yayınları, 2007, pp. 356-357. 15 Ibid., p. 362.
• Yuko Kikuchi, Japanese Modernisation and Mingei Theory, Cultural Nationalism and Oriental Orientalism, New York, Routledge Curzon, 2004, p. 153.
• Alexander L. Macfie, Orientalism, London, Longman, 2002, p. 128.
• Arif Dirlik, “Chinese History and the Question of Orientalism”, History and Theory, Vol. 35, No.4 (1996), p. 96; Arif Dirlik, Post-Colonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism, Boulder, Westview, 1997, p. 108.
• In his work “American Orientalism” Douglas Little and co-authors Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins in their reading of National Geographic have shown that Arabs, Africans and Asians are still represented in accordance with Orientalist strategies in a Western social context. See, Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945, Chapel Hill & London, The University of North Carolina Press, 2004; Catherine A. Lutz ve Jane L. Collins, Reading National Geographic, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993.
• Cited from Kararname-i Âlî by Orhan Koloğlu, “Medya-Devlet ve Sermaye”, Birikim, No. 117 (1999), p. 69.
• Paul Heyer, Communications and History: Theories of Media, Knowledge, and Civilization, New York, Greenwood Press, 1988, p. 11.
• Şerif Mardin, “Batıcılık”, in Mümtaz’er Türköne ve Tuncay Önder (ed.), Türk Modernleşmesi, İstanbul