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• On ‘liberalist’ interpretation of terrorism, see, Kanti P. Bajpai, Roots of Terrorism, New Delhi, Penguin Books, 2002.
• Asim Roy, “Introduction”, in Asim Roy (ed.), Islam in History and Politics: Perspectives from South Asia, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 10; see, Maneeza Hossain, Broken Pendulum: Bangladesh’s Swing to Radicalism , New York, Hudson Institute, Inc., 2007.
• S. Mahmud Ali, Understanding Bangladesh, New York, Columbia University Press, 2010, pp 293-294.
• “Harkat Chief, “2 Associates arrested”, New Age, 18 August 2011.
• Llewlyn D. Howell, “Is the New Global Terrorism a Clash of Civilizations? Evaluating Terrorism’s Multiple Sources”, in Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (ed.), The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes and Control, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2003, pp. 177-179.
• Paul Wilkinson, “Why Modern Terrorism? Differentiating Types and Distinguishing Motivations”, in Kegley Jr. (ed.), The New Global Terrorism, pp. 106-125; for an in-depth study about the motives of terrorism, see Tore Bjorgo (ed.), Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward, London and New York, Routledge, 2005.
• Asim Roy, “The Bengal Muslim ‘Cultural Mediators’ and the Bengal Muslim Identity in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries”, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1987), p. 11.
• Ibid; on the issue of the on-going conflict over identity in Bangladesh, see, Akhand Akhtar Hossain, “Hindu-Muslim Separateness in Bengal: A Review of Some Historical Issues from a Contemporary Bangladesh Muslim Standpoint”, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2008), pp. 364-382.
• Chris Allen, “Warfare, Endemic Violence & State Collapse in Africa”, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 26, No. 81 (September 1999), pp. 367-384; On the relationship between spoil politics and terminal politics and their impact on countries, see V. S. Naipaul, A Bend in the River, London, Vintage, 1989; Graham Greene, The Comedians, London, Penguin Classics, 2005; Tim Butcher, Blood River: The Terrifying Journey Through the World’s Most Dangerous Country, New York, Grove Press, 2009.
• Fernando Coronil and Julie Skurski, “Dismembering and Remembering the Nation: The Semantics of Political Violence in Venezuela”, in Fernando Coronil and Julie Skurski (eds.), States of Violence, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 2006, p. 126.
• Kathleen Gough, “Indian Peasant Uprisings”, Economic and Political Weekly, August 1974.
• Stephen Fuches, Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions, New York, Asia Publishing House, 1965, pp. 108-124.
• For an account of the Fara’idi movement see, Muin-ud-din Ahmad Khan, History of the Fara’idi Movement in Bengal, 1818-1906, Karachi, Pakistan Historical Society, 1965.
• On Sayyid Ahmed’s life and influence, see Ayesha Jalal, Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia, Lahore, Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2008, pp. 58-113. 15 Ibid., p. 137.
• Dhurjuti Prasad De, Bengal Muslims in Search of Social Identity 1905-47, Dhaka, The University Press Limited, 1998, p. 13; P. Hardy, The Muslims of British India, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972, p. 58.
• On the partition of Bengal and the politics surrounding it, see Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal 1903-1908, New Delhi, People’s Publishing House, 1973.
• For a history of the terrorist movement in Bengal during the early years of the twentieth century, see, Peter Heehs, The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India 1900-1910, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004; Arun Chandra Guha, First Spark of Revolution: The Early Phase of India’s Struggle for Independence, 1900-1920, New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1971.
• Rafiuddin Ahmed, The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, Second Impression, 1998, p. 181.
• Asim Roy, “Impact of Islamic Revival and Colonial Reform in Bengal and Bengal Muslim identity: A Revisit”, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1999), p. 48.
• Talukder Maniruzzaman, “Radical Politics and the Emergence of Bangladesh”, in Paul R. Brass and Marcus F. Franda (eds.), Radical Politics in South Asia , Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, The MIT Press, 1973, pp. 223-277.
• S. M. Ali, After The Dark Night: Problems of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Dhaka,The University Press Limited, 1994, p. 16.
• Jeremie Codron, “Putting Factions ‘Back in’ the Civil-Military Relations Equation: Genesis, Maturation and Distortion of the Bangladeshi Army”, South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, No. 4 (2010).
• Political Weekly, Volume 39, No. 36 (September 2004) , p. 4103.
• Milam, Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in South Asia, p.117.
• Sufia M. Uddin, Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity and Language in an Islamic Nation, Chapel Hill, NC, The University of North Carolina Press, 2006, p. 122.
• On the caustic relationship between the top leaders of the two most popular political parties of Bangladesh, see, Omar Khasru, “Remarks of Hasina and Khaleda”, New Age, 19 July 2004.
• Institute of Governance Studies, The State of Governance in Bangladesh 2007, Dhaka, BRAC University, 2008; quoted in Naureen Chowdhury Fink, “Bombs and Ballots: Terrorism, Political Violence, and Governance in Bangladesh”, Working Paper, New York, International Peace Institute, February 2010, p. 9.
• Sobhan, “Structural Dimensions of Malgovernance in Bangladesh”, p. 4105.
• Dina M. Siddiqui, “Political Culture in Contemporary Bangladesh”, New Age (Independence Day Special), 26 March 2010.
• Sobhan, “Structural Dimensions of Malgovernance in Bangladesh”, p. 4105.
• Siddiqui, “Political Culture in Contemporary Bangladesh”.
• Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can be Done About It, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 111; on the state of Bangladesh’s civil service see, Neeti Gobeshona Kendro (NGK), State of Public Administration: 2009, Dhaka, Neeti Gobeshona Kendro, 2009.
• Nurul Islam, “The Army, UN Peacekeeping Mission and Democracy in Bangladesh”, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 45, No. 29 (17 July 2010), p. 83; also see Codron, “Putting Factions ‘Back in’ the Civil-Military Relations Equation”.
• Afsan Chowdhury, “A Post-Modern People in a Failed Modern State Run by Pre-Modern Rulers”, New Age (Independence Day Special), 26 March 2010.
• Allen, “Warfare, Endemic Violence & State Collapse in Africa”.
• S. Mahmud Ali, Understanding Bangladesh, p.295.
• “The Threat From Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh”, International Crisis Group Asia Report, No 187, Brussels, International Crisis Group, March 2010.
• Victor T. Le Vine, “Violence and the Paradox of Democratic Renewal: A Preliminary Assessment”, in David C. Rapoport and Leonard Weinberg (eds.), The Democratic Experience And Political Violence, London and Portland, OR, Frank Cass, 2001, p. 278.
• Milam, Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in South Asia, p. 240.
• Collier, The Bottom Billion, p. 68.
• Milam, Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in South Asia, pp. 201-207.
• “In the Name of the Father: An Obsession with Bangladesh’s Past May Explain its Prime Minister’s Growing Intolerance”, The Economist, 13 August 2011.
• On vertical and horizontal accountability in Bangladesh, see, Jahan, “The Challenges of Institutionalising Democracy in Bangladesh”, pp. 27-30.
• Nurul Kabir, “Democracy of Un-Public Opinion: Or the Court’s Contempt of Public Opinion”, New Age, 7th Anniversary Special, 3 October 2010.
• Ayesha Jalal, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 3.
• Miriam Fendius Elman and Carolyn M. Warner, “Democracy, Security, and Religious Political Parties: A Framework for Analysis”, Asian Security, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2008- Special Issue: Faith and Security: The Effects of Democracy on Religious Political Parties), p. 4.