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• The remaining monarchies in the Arab world are Morocco, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain.
• King Abdullah, the King and Abdullah are used interchangeably to connote King Abdullah II.
• “Jordanians March against Inflation”, Al Jazeera English, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/ middleeast/2011/01/20111141219337111.html (last visited 21 July 2014).
• Curtis Ryan, “Déjà vu all over again?: Jordan’s 2010 elections”, Foreign Policy, at http:// mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/15/jordanians_go_to_the_polls (last visited 14 August 2014).
• 5; “Jordan enacts political parties reform law”, The Seattle Times, 9 May 2012.
• Mohammad Yaghi, “Jordan’s Election Law: Reform or Perish?”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans- election-law-reform-or-perish (last visited 23 July 2014); Kristen Kao, “Jordan’s Ongoing Election Law Battle”, Sada, at http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2012/07/05/jordan-s- ongoing-election-law-battle/fbdu; (last visited 23 July 2014).
• “Opposition coalition to boycott polls”, Jordan Times, 23 July 2012.
• “Fuel Prices Up after Subsidies Removed, Decision Triggers Protests”, Jordan Times, 13 November 2012.
• “Jordan Protesters call for ‘Downfall of the Regime’”, Reuters, at http://www.reuters.com/ article/2012/11/16/us-jordan-protest-idUSBRE8AF0LK20121116 (last visited 23 July 2014); Petra News Agency, “Policeman Who Dies of Injuries During Fuel Price Riots Laid to Rest”, at http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang= 2&NewsID=92631&CatID=13&Type=Home>ype=1 (last visited 14 August 2014).
• King Abdullah II Official Website, “Interview with His Majesty King Abdullah II”, at http:// kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/interviews/view/id/501/videoDisplay/0.html (last visited 24 July 2014); King Abdullah II Official Website, “Our Journey to Forge Our Path Towards Democracy”, at http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/247.html (last visited 24 July 2014); King Abdullah II Official Website, “Making Our Democratic System Work for All Jordanians”, at http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/248. html (last visited 24 July 2014).
• André Bank and Anna Sunik, “Parliamentary elections in Jordan, January 2013”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 34 (2014), p. 378.
• Morten Valbjorn, “The 2013 Parliamentary Elections in Jordan: Three Stories and Some General Lessons”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2013), p. 313.
• Curtis Ryan, “Jordan’s Unfinished Journey: Parliamentary Elections and the State of Reform”, POMED Policy Brief, (March 2013), at http://pomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ POMED-Policy-Brief-Ryan-March-2013.pdf (last visited 24 July 2014), p. 3.
• “In Jordan, Progress in Small Steps”, The New York Times, 30 January 2013.
• Osama Al Sharif, “Jordan’s New Government: Same Old Politics”, Al Monitor, at http:// www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ar/originals/2013/03/jordanian-government-formation.html (last visited 24 July 2014).
• “New Jordanian Government Wins Confidence Vote”, Al Shorfa, at http://al-shorfa.com/ en_GB/articles/meii/features/2013/04/25/feature-01 (last visited 24 July 2014).
• Tamer al-Samadi, “Jordan’s Economic Crisis Worsens, Protests Subside”, Al Monitor, at http:// www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/01/jordan-economic-crisis-protests-subside. html (last visited 24 July 2014); The Atlantic, “In Jordan, the Arab Spring Isn’t Over”, at http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/07/in-jordan-the-arab-spring-isnt- over/277964/ (last visited 24 July 2014).
• middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html (last visited 4 August 2014).
• Sean L. Yom, “Jordan’s Fictional Reforms”, Foreign Policy, at http://mideastafrica.foreignpolicy. com/posts/2011/11/09/jordans_fictional_reforms (last visited 4 August 2014).
• “Jordan hikes power prices as Egypt gas disrupted”, Reuters, at http://www.reuters.com/ article/2012/01/30/energy-jordan-electricity-idAFL5E8CU35A20120130 (last visited 4 August 2014).
• “No wonder it’s going nuclear: Jordan says Egypt’s gas disruptions to cost it over $2 billion”, Albawaba, at http://www.albawaba.com/business/jordan-egypt-gas-529839 (last visited 4 August 2014); David Schenker and Simon Henderson, “Jordan’s Energy Balancing Act”, The Washington Institute, at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans- energy-balancing-act (last visited 04 August 2014).
• UNHCR, “Syria Regional Refugee Response – Jordan”, at http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/ country.php?id=107 (last visited 5 August 2014). Yet, the total number of Syrians in the Kingdom is estimated to reach 1,3 million when those who are not registered as refugee are counted. ORSAM, “Suriye’ye Komşu Ükelerde Suriyeli Mültecilerin Durumu: Bulgular, Sonuçlar ve Öneriler”, ORSAM Raporları, No. 189 (April 2014), Ankara, ORSAM, 2014, p. 20.
• ORSAM, “Suriye’ye Komşu Ükelerde Suriyeli Mültecilerin Durumu”, pp. 28-29.
• “Police disperse rioting Syrians at Zaatari camp”, Jordan Times, , at http://jordantimes.com/ police-disperse-rioting-syrians-at-zaatari-camp [last visited 5 August 2014]; “Riot breaks out in Syrian refugee camp in Jordan”, The Daily Star, 8 January 2013, at http://www.dailystar. com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Jan-08/201308-riot-breaks-out-in-syrian-refugee-camp- in-jordan.ashx (last visited 5 August 2014); “Syria crisis: Deadly clash in Jordan’s Zaatari camp”, BBC News, at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26908587 (last visited 5 August 2014).
• Central Bank of Jordan, “Yearly Statistical Series”, at http://statisticaldb.cbj.gov.jo/index (last visited 5 August 2014).
• For more information on tribal East Banker structure of the bureaucracy and the security apparatus, see Schirin H. Fathi, Jordan- An Invented Nation? Tribe-State Dynamics and the Formation of National Identity, Hamburg, Deutches Orient-Institut, 1994, pp. 133-141 and 182-187.
• Robert Satloff and David Schenker, “Political Instability in Jordan”, Council of Foreign Relations Contingency Memorandum, No. 19 (May 2013), New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 2013, p. 3
• Anen Marie Baylouny, “Militarizing Welfare: Neo-liberalism and Jordanian Policy”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 277-298.
• André Bank and Oliver Schlumberger, “Jordan: Between Regime Survival and Economic Reform”, in Volker Perthes (ed.), Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2004, pp. 40- 43 and 50- 52.
• ICG, “Dallying with Reform in a Divided Jordan”, p. 5.
• Job Creation in Jordan”, at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/13/
• world-bank-approves-us250-million-to-promote-transparency-accountability-and-job
• creation-in-jordan (last visited 4 September 2014).
• “Saudi Arabia Grants Jordan $1 Billion for Budget, Al Arab Says”, Bloomberg, at http://www. bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-26/saudi-arabia-grants-jordan-1-billion-for-budget-al-arab- says.html (last visited 8 August 2014).
• Marc Lynch, “The What Cooperation Council”, Foreign Policy, at http://www.foreignpolicy. com/posts/2011/05/11/the_what_cooperation_council?wp_login_redirect=0 (last visited 8 August 2014).
• “Jordan taps $5 billion Gulf fund to ease economic woes”, Al Arabiya News, at http://english. alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/27/268715.html (last visited 8 August 2014).
• “Saudi Arabia gives $10 million for Syrian refugees in Jordan”, Reuters, at http://www.reuters. com/article/2013/01/11/us-syria-crisis-refugees-saudi-idUSBRE90A0HV20130111 (last visited 08 August 2014).
• Julien Barnes-Dacey, “Jordanian Tremors: Elusive Consensus, Deepening Discontent”, European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Memo No. 68 (November 2012), at http:// www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR68_JORDAN_MEMO_AW.pdf (last visited 08 August 2014).
• David, “Jordanian Spring, Hashemite Winter”, pp. 135-136.
• “Israel ready to help Jordan fend off Iraq insurgents, minister says”, Haaretz, http://www. haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603121 (last visited 08 August 2014).
• Adnan Karimah, “Jordan manages high debt burden”, Al Monitor, at http://www.al-monitor. com/pulse/business/2014/06/jordan-economic-stability-high-public-debt-foreign-aid.html (last visited 08 August 2014).
• Nicholas Seleey, “Jordan’s ‘open door’ policy for Syrian refugees”, Foreign Policy, at http:// mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/01/jordan_s_open_door_policy_for_ syrian_refugees (last visited 8 August 2014); ORSAM, “Suriye’ye Komşu Ükelerde Suriyeli Mültecilerin Durumu”, pp. 29-30.
• Sarah Tobin, “Jordan’s Arab Spring: The Middle Class and Anti-Revolution”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 107-108; Ryan, “Political Opposition and Reform Coalitions in Jordan”, p. 387; Barnes-Dacey, “Jordanian Tremors”, p. 2.
• Tobin, “Jordan’s Arab Spring”, pp. 106-107; Asher Susser, “Is the Jordanian Monarchy in Danger?” Middle East Brief, No. 72 (April 2013), at http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/ publications/meb/MEB72.pdf (last visited 9 August 2014), p. 6.
• Embassy of Jordan to the EU, “Key Facts on Elections and Jordan’s Political Reform”, pp. 3-4.
• Susser, “Is the Jordanian Monarchy in Danger?”, p. 3; Jilian Schwedler, “Ürdün”, in Paul Amar and Vijay Prashad (eds.), Arap Baharı’ndan Kesitler: Yeni Ortadoğu’yu Anlamak, translated by Ömer Can Furtun, Seyit Ümmetoğlu, Yankı Deniz Tan, İstanbul, İntifada Yayınları, 2014, p. 329.
• “Jordan’s king calls early elections as tension rises over long-delayed reforms”, The Guardian, 4 October 2012.
• Yom, “Tribal Politics in Contemporary Jordan”, p. 247; Jonathan Schienberg, “Jordan’s Simmering Spring”, Foreign Policy, at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/14/ jordan_s_simmering_spring (last visited 9 August 2014).
• Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Modern King in the Arab Spring”; in 2011, former Jordanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Marwan Muasher published a detailed report about the role of conservative political elites in hindering the King’s reform efforts since 1999. Marwan Muasher, “A Decade of Struggling Reform Efforts In Jordan: The Resilience of the Rentier System”, The Carnegie Papers, May 2011, at http://carnegieendowment.org/files/jordan_reform.pdf (last visited 11 August 2014).
• “Interview with King Abdullah II”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Winter 2012), p. 22.
• King Abdullah II, “Jordan’s Security Backbone: The Thoughts of His Majesty King Abdullah II of Jordan”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 30, No. 31 (Fall 2013), pp. 40-41.
• “Interview with Jordan’s King Abdullah II”, The Wall Street Journal, 21 September 2011.
• Curtis Ryan, “Jordanian Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring 2014), p. 152; Barnes-Dacey, “Jordanian Tremors”, p. 2; Sean L. Yom, “Jordan: The Ruse of Reform”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), p. 129.
• Gause III, “Kings for All Seasons”, pp. 15-23; Yom and Gause III, “Resilient Royals”, pp. 78-79.
• Yom, “Jordan’s Fictional Reforms”.