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• * The author wishes to acknowledge support from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (project no 114K783) with regard to the part on emerging powers and changing global order.
• 1 Richard Whitman, From Civilian to Superpower?, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.
• 2 Ian Manners, “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2 (2002), pp. 235- 258.
• 3 Chad Damro, “Market Power Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 5 (2012), pp. 682-699.
• 4 Andrew Moravcsik, “Europe: The Quiet Superpower,” French Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3-4 (2009), pp. 403-422.
• 5 Asle Toje, The European Union as a Small Power, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
• 6 François Duchêne, “Europe’s Role in World Peace”, in R. Mayne (ed.), Europe Tomorrow, London, Fontana, 1972, pp. 32-47.
• 7 Manners, “Normative Power Europe”, pp. 235- 258.
• 8 Damro, “Market Power Europe”, pp. 682-699.
• 9 Ibid., p. 697.
• 10 Ibid., p. 683.
• 11 Ibid., p. 685.
• 12 Mark Leonard, Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century?, London, Fourth Estate, 2005.
• 13 International Monetary Fund, “IMF Reaches Staff-level Agreement with Greece on €30 Billion Stand-By Arrangement”, Press Release, No. 10/176, 2 May 2010.
• 14 European Commission, The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, Brussels, European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications, 2010
• 15 This section on Greek economic crisis is partially based on the following study: Mustafa Kutlay, The Political Economies of Turkey and Greece: Crisis and Change, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, chapter 6.
• 16 European Commission, The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, Brussels, European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications, 2012.
• 17 European Commission, The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece: Third Review, 1-8.
• 18 George Papandreou, “Imagine a European Democracy without Borders”, TED Speech, at http://www.ted.com/talks/george_papandreou_imagine_a_european_democracy_ without_borders/transcript (last visited 2 April 2018).
• 19 Ibid.
• 20 Paul Taylor, “Conflicting Statements Cast Doubt on Eurozone Deal”, Reuters, 27 July 2011.
• 21 Neil Macdonald, “Papandreou Talks Greece’s Debt”, at http://www.cbc.ca/news/ papandreou-talks-greece-s-debt-1.954851 (last visited 2 April 2018).
• 22 Martin Wolf, “A Bail-out for Greece is just the Beginning”, Financial Times, 4 May 2010.
• 23 Vassilis Faouskas and Constantine Dimoulas, Greece, Financialization, and the EU, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
• 24 Wolfgang Münchau, “Greece’s Bail-out only Delays the Inevitable”, Financial Times, 18 April 2010.
• 25 The Council of the European Union, “Statement By the Heads of State or Government of the Euro Area and EU Institutions”, Brussels, 21 July 2011, p. 2.
• 26 Stathis Kouvelakis, “The Greek Cauldron”, New Left Review, Vol. 72, No. 26 (2012), pp. 17-32.
• 27 “More than 20,000 Protests since 2010 Bailout”, Kathimerini, 24 April 2014.
• 28 Federico Fubini, “Southern Europe’s Economic Malaise Echoes Great Depression”, The Guardian, 23 April 2013.
• 29 Victor Orban, “We are Protecting Europe’s Values”, at www.kormany.hu/en/the-primeminister/news/we-are-protecting-europe-s-values (last visited 10 March 2016).
• 30 Anoosh Chakelian, “Rise of the Nationalists: a Guide to Europe’s Far-Right Parties”, Newstatesman, 8 March 2017.
• 31 For an in-depth discussion of EU migration policies, see Violeta Moreno-Lax, “The EU Humanitarian Border and the Securitization of Human Rights: The “Rescue-ThroughInterdiction/Rescue-Without-Protection’ Paradigm”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 56, No. 1 (2018), pp. 119-140.
• 32 Tara John, “This is Why Border Fences Don’t Work”, Time, 22 October 2015.
• 33 Ivan Krastev, “Eastern Europe’s Compassion Deficit”, New York Times, 8 September 2015.
• 34 For an in-depth discussion, see Ziya Öniş and Mustafa Kutlay, “Global Shifts and the Limits of the EU’s Transformative Power in the European Periphery: Comparative Perspectives from Hungary and Turkey”, Government and Opposition, First View (2017), pp. 1-28, at https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2017.16 (last visited 3 May 2018)
• 35 World Bank Development Indicators, at https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/ world-development-indicators. (last visited 3 May 2018).
• 36 PwC, “The World in 2050: Will the Shift in Global Economic Power Continue?”, at http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015. pdf (last visited 2 April 2018).
• 37 Stephan Walt, “The End of the American Era”, The National Interest, Vol. 116 (2011), pp. 6-16; Michael Beckley, “China’s Century: Why America’s Edge will Endure?” International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2011), pp. 41-78; Robert Kagan, The World America Made, Knopf, 2012; Charles Kupchan, No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• 38 Trine Flockhart, “The Coming Multi-order World”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 37, No. 1 (2016), p. 23.
• 39 Ian Bremmer, The End of the Free Market, New York, Portfolio, 2010.
• 40 Ibid., p. 52.
• 41 Bary Eichengreen, Donghyung Park and Kwanho Shin, “Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle-income Trap”, NBER Working Paper, No. 18673, 2013.
• 42 World Bank, China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society, Washington, DC, 2012, p. 13.
• 43 Tanja A. Börzel, “From EU Governance of Crisis to Crisis of EU Governance: Regulatory Failure, Redistributive Conflict and Eurosceptic Publics”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 54, No. S1 (2016), pp. 8-31.