ULUSLARARASI İŞLETMECİLİKTE KÜLTÜREL ENDOKTRİNASYON VE AÇIK YENİLİK

Bu makale, kültürel endoktrinasyon (CI) ve açık yenilik arasındaki bağlantıyı ve küresel hiper-rekabet çağındaki önemini araştırmaktadır. Örgütler, farklı kültürel geçmişlerden paydaşlarla etkileşimde bulunma ihtiyacı ile karşı karşıya kaldıkça, kültürel zorunlulukların bireysel ve kollektif performanslarda nasıl oynadıklarını anlama ihtiyacı da giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Entegre bir literatür taramasına dayanan bu makale, CI’de yer alan şu sekiz faktörü incelemektedir: Çocuk Gelişimi, Kültürel Kurumsallaşma, Kültürel Zeka, Dil Yapısı ve Edinimi, Sosyal Öğrenme Teorisi, Din, Sosyal Sermaye ve Değerler Yönlendirme Teorisi (VOT). Bu faktörlerden uluslararası işlerde açık inovasyonda, teori ve pratikte, gelecekteki uygulamalar için kavramsal bir çerçeve geliştirilmiştir.

CULTURAL INDOCTRINATION AND OPEN INNOVATION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

This article explores the connection between cultural indoctrination (CI) and open innovation and its importance in an era of global hypercompetition. As organizations are confronted with the need to engage with stakeholders from a variety of different cultural backgrounds, the need to understand the ways in which cultural imperatives play into individual and collective performances becomes increasingly important. Based on an integrated literature review, this article examines the following eight factors included in CI: Child Development, Cultural Institutionalization, Cultural Intelligence, Language Structure and Acquisition, Social Learning Theory, Religion, Social Capital, and Values Orientation Theory (VOT). It is from these factors that a conceptual framework is developed for future application in theory and practice in open innovation in international business.

___

  • Andersen, B., & Wong, D. (2013, February). The new normal: Competitive advantage in the digital economy. London: Big Innovation Centre. Retrieved on June 2, 2017, from: http://www.biginnovationcentre.com/Assets/Docs/The%20New%20Normal.pdf.
  • Ang, S., & Inkpen, A. C. (2008). Cultural Intelligence and Offshore Outsourcing Success: A Framework of Firm-Level Intercultural Capability. Management Decisions, 39, 337-358.
  • Ang, S., Van-Dyne, L., & Koh, C., Ng, K.Y., Templer, K.J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N.A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Reviews, 3, 335-371.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Bansal, P., Bertels, S., Ewart, T., MacConnachie, P., & O’brien, J. (2012, February). Bridging the Research-Practice Gap. Academy of Management Perspectives. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0140
  • Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
  • Barratt, M., Choi, T.; & Li, M. (2011). Qualitative case studies in operations management: Trends, research outcomes, and future research implications. Journal of Operations Management, 29(4), 329–342.
  • Barrow, R.J., & McCleary, R.M. (2003). Religion and economic growth among countries. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 760-781. doi: 10.2307/1519761
  • Barrow, R.J., & Mitchell, J. (2004). Religious faith and economic growth: What matters most –Belief or belonging? Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on May 3, 2014, from: www.heritage.org/research/religion/hl11841.cfm.
  • Bartunek, J.M. (2007). Academic-practitioner collaboration need not require joint or relevant research: Toward a relational scholarship of integration. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1323-1333.
  • Bennardo, G., & de Munck, V.C. (2014). Cultural Models: Genesis, Methods, and Experiences. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Berman, A., Mudambi, R., & Shoham, A. (2017). Language Structure and Its Effects on Innovation. Insights, Vol. 17, No. 4, 14-17.
  • Bessant, J., & Moselin, K. (2011). Open collective innovation – The power of the many over the few. London: Advanced Institute of Management Research.
  • Black, J.S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16, 291-317.
  • Bloom, N., Genakos, C., Sadun, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2012, February). Management Practices Across Firms and Countries. Academy of Management Perspectives. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp2011.0077
  • Blume, M., & Lust, B.C. (2017). Research Methods in Language Acquisition: Principles, Procedures, and Practices. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Briscoe, D.R., Schuler, R.S., & Claus, L. (2009). International human resource management: Policies and practices for multinational enterprises (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Bücker, J.J.L.E., Furrer, O., Poutsma, E., & Buyens, D. (2014). The impact of cultural intelligence on communication effectiveness, job satisfaction and anxiety for Chinese host country managers working for foreign multinationals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 25, No. 14, 2068-2087. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2013.870293
  • Buğa, D. (2016). Central Language Hypothesis in the Decision-Making Process. In B. Christiansen and E. Lechman (Eds.), Neuroeconomics and the Decision-making Process (pp. 66-85). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Campbell, B.A., Coff, R., & Kryscynski, D. (2012). Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital. Academy of Management Review, 37(3), 376–395.
  • Cartwright, E., & Singh, T. (2014). Social Capital, the Culture of Trust, and Economic Development. In. B. Christiansen and M. Basılgan (Eds.), Economic Behavior, Game Theory, and Technology in Emerging Markets, (pp. 91-108). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Chandan, H.C. (2014). The Role of Religion and National Culture in Economic Growth in Emerging Markets. In B. Christiansen and M. Basılgan (Eds.), Economic Behavior, Game Theory, and Technology in Emerging Markets, (pp. 250-270). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Chatzoglou, P., & Chatzoudes, D. (2018). The role of innovation in building competitive advantages: An empirical investigation. European Journal of Innovation Management, Volume 21, Issue 1, 44-69.
  • Chatterji, A., & Patro, A. (2014). Dynamic Capabilities and Managing Human Capital. Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4, 395-408.
  • Chen, X.P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational culturalintelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from US real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 93-106.
  • Christiansen, B., & Koeman, J. (2015). Nationalism, Cultural Indoctrination, and Economic Prosperity in the Digital Age. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Christiansen, M.H., Chater, N., & Culicover, P.W. (2016). Creating Language: Integrating Evolution, Acquisition, and Processing. Boston: MIT Press.
  • Dadkhah, K. (2011). Foundations of Mathematical and Computational Economics (2nd Edition). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
  • De Jong, M., Marston, N., & Roth, E. (2015). The eight essentials of innovation. McKinsey Quarterly, April, 1-12.
  • Denktas, S., Karatas-Cetin, C., & Saatgioğlu, O.Y. (2014). Discovering the Nexus Between Market Orientation and Open Innovation: A Grounded Theory Approach. In B. Christiansen, S. Yildiz, and E. Yildiz (Eds.), Transcultural Marketing for Radical and Incremental Innovation (pp. 1-43). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • DeRosa, C.S. (2006). Political Indoctrination in the U.S. Army from World War II to the Vietnam War. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Dessler, G. (2012). Human resource management (13th edition). New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Drucker, P. (2002). Management Challenges for the 21st Century. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Earley, P.C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Erikson, E. (1993). Childhood and Society. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Erikson, E. (1994). Identity and the Life Cycle. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Everett, C. (2016). Linguistic Relativity. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Flege, J.E., Yeni-Komshian, G.H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age Constraints on Second Language Acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 78-104.
  • Gammeltoft, P., Barnard, H., & Madhok, A. (2010). Emerging multinationals, emerging theory: Macro- and micro-level perspectives. Journal of International Management, 16(2), 95-101.
  • Gatchel, R.H. (1972). The evolution of the concept. In I.A. Snook (Ed.), Concepts of Indoctrination: Philosophical essays (pp. 7-13). New York: Routledge.
  • Gates, B., & Hemingway, C. (1999). Business @ The Speed of Thought. New York: Warner.
  • Gelfand, M.J., Imai, L., & Fehr, R. (2008). Thinking intelligently about cultural intelligence. The road ahead. In S. Ang and L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 375-387). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
  • Global Research Society, LLC (2018). Corporate files.
  • Godart, F.C., Maddux, W.W., Shipilov, A.V., & Galinsky, A.D. (2015). Fashion With a Foreign Flair: Professional Experiences Abroad Facilitate The Creative Innovations of Organizations. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 58, No. 1, 195-220.
  • Graves, W.H. (2010). Waste not the learning productivity crisis: Transforming education opportunity into educational assurance. Educause Review, 45(1), 1-74.
  • Gumperz, J.J., & Levinson, S.C. (1996). Rethinking linguistic relativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hall, E.T. (1976). Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Hannah, S.T., Waldman, D.A., Balthazard, P.A., Jennings, P.L., & Thatcher, R.W. (2013). The Psychological and Neurological Bases of Leader Self-Complexity and Effects on Adaptive Decision-Making. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 98, 393-411.
  • Hartmann, M.A. (2012). The Theory of Cultural Dimensions. In B. Christiansen (Ed.), Cultural Variations and Business Performance: Contemporary Globalism, (pp. 1-22). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Hills, M.D. (2002). Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Values Orientation Theory. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1040
  • Hocutt, M. (2005, Summer). Indoctrination vs. Education. Academic Questions, Vol. 18, Issue 3, 35-43.
  • Hofstede, G.H. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Hofstede, G. (1985). The Interaction between national and organizational value systems. Journal of Management Studies, 22(4), 347-357.
  • Hofstede, G. (1986). The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall 1983, 14, (pp. 75). Retrieved on May 8, 2014, from: https://ehis.ebscohost.com.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. London: Sage Publications.
  • Iles, P., Ramgutty-Wong, A., & Yolles, M. (2004). HRM and knowledge migration across cultures: Issues, limitations, and Mauritian specificities. Employee Relations, Volume 26, Issue 6, 643-662.
  • Ionescu, A., & Dumitru, N.R. (2015). The Role of Innovation in Creating the Company’s Competitive Advantage. Ecoforum, Volume 4, Issue 1(6), 99-104. Jaffe, K. (2014). The Relevance of Science in Development: Scientific Development Favors Economic Prosperity, But Not Necessarily Through Its Effect on Technological Knowledge in Middle Income Countries. In B. Christiansen and M. Basilgan (Eds.), Economic Behavior, Game Theory, and Technology in Emerging Markets (pp. 1-17). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Kerlinger, F.N., & Lee, H.B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt.
  • Kirkman, B.L., Lowe, K.B., & Gibson, C.B. (2006). A quarter century of culture’s consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 285-320. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202
  • Kluckhohn, C. (1949). Mirror form an: the relation of anthropology to modern life. Berkeley, CA: Whittlesey House.
  • Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value orientations in the theory of action. In T. Parsons and E.A Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Kluckhohn, C. (1962). Culture and Behavior; Collected Essays. New York: The Free Press.
  • Kluckhohn, F.R., & Strodtbeck, F.L. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
  • Koç, G., Claes, M-T, & Christiansen, B. (2016). Cultural Influences on Architecture. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Kor, B., & Mayden, C. (2013). The Relationship Between Knowledge Management and Innovation in Turkish Service and High-Tech Firms. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 4, No. 4, 293-304.
  • Kristiansen, G., & Dirven, R. (2008). Cognitive Sociolinguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Küçükmehmetoğlu, M., Şen, Z., & Özger, M. (2010). Coalition possibility of riparian countries via game theory and fuzzy logic models. Water Resources Research, Vol. 46, W12528. doi: 10.1029/2009WR008660
  • Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2012). International language management and diversity climate in multicultural organizations. International Business Review, 21, 156-166.
  • Leavitt, J. (2015). Linguistic Relativities: Language Diversity and Modern Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Leidner, D., Alavi, M., & Kayworth, T. (2006). The Role of Culture in Knowledge Management: A Case Study of Two Global Firms. Innovation Journal of e-Collaboration, 2(1), 17-40.
  • Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Li, M., Mobley, W.H., & Kelly, A. (2013). When Do Global Leaders Learn Best to Develop Cultural Intelligence? An Investigation of the Moderating Role of Experiential Learning Style. Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 12, No. 1, 32-50.
  • Livermore, D. (2011). The Cultural Intelligence Difference: Master the One Skill You Can’t Do Without in Today’s Global Economy. New York: American Management Association.
  • Loewen, S., & Masatoshi, M. (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Instructed Second Language Acquisition. New York: Routledge.
  • McCleary, M. (2007). Salvation damnation and economic incentives. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 2(1), 49-74. doi: 10.1080/13537900601114503 McDonough, T. (2011). Initiation, Not Indoctrination: Confronting the grotesque in cultural education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 43, No. 7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469.5812.2009.00554.x
  • McKinsey Global Institute (2015, January). Global Growth: Can Productivity Save the Day in An Aging World? New York: McKinsey & Company.
  • Miner, J.B. (2005). Organizational behavior I. Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
  • Mohrman, S.A., & Lawler, E.E III (2012, February). Generating Knowledge that Drives Change. Academy of Management Perspectives, 41-51.
  • Mohrman, S.A., Gibson, C.B., & Mohrman, A.M., Jr. (2001). Doing research that is useful to practice: A model and empirical exploration. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 357-375.
  • Molinsky, A. (2007). Cross-Cultural Code-Switching: The Psychological Challenges of Adapting Behavior in Foreign Cultural Interactions. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 2, 622-640.
  • Mudambi, R., Hannigan, T.J., & Kline, W. (2012, August). Advancing Science on the Knife’s Edge: Integration and Specialization in Management Ph.D. Programs. Academy of Management Perspectives. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp2011.0075
  • Nag, R., & Gioia, D.A. (2012). From Common to Uncommon Knowledge: Foundations of Firm-Specific Use of Knowledge as a Resource. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 55, No. 2, 421-457.
  • Nakata, C. (2000). Beyond Hofstede: Cultural Frameworks for Global Marketing and Management. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Nisbett, R. (2004). The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently…and Why. New York: Free Press.
  • Oberg, C., & Alexander, A.T. (in press). The opennness of open innovation in ecosystems – Integrating innovation and management literature on knowledge linkages. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge. Retrieved on February 20, 2018, from: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S2444569X18300131/1-s2.0-S2444569X18300131-main.pdf?_tid=dc453006-1648-11e8-82a9-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1519136471_368e88616060d3f683ab033a1f60dc3c
  • Papalia, D., & Feldman, R. (2012). Experience Human Development (12th Edition). New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Patrick, H.A., & Kumar, V.R. (2012). Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges. Sage Open. doi: 10.1177/2158244012444615
  • Porter, M.E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.
  • Redmond, M. V. (2000). Cultural distance as a mediating factor between stress and intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 151-159.
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, S.C. Choi, G. Yoon, and C. Kagitibasi (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, methods, and applications (pp. 85-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and implications for work. Applied Psychology, 48(1), 23-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00047.x
  • Seely, C. (2000). A History of Writing in Japan. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. Şen, Z. (2013). Intelligent Business Decision-Making in Global Organizations via Fuzzy Reasoning Systems. In B. Christiansen and M. Basılgan (Eds.), Economic Behavior, Game Theory, and Technology in Emerging Markets, (pp. 127-155). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Snook, I. A. (1972). Concepts of Indoctrination: Philosophical essays. New York: Routledge.
  • Sobel, J. (2002). Can we trust social capital? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(1), 139-154. doi: 10.1257/0022051027001
  • Styhre, A., Wikmalm, L., Olilla, S., & Roth, J. (2010). Garbage-Can Decision Making and the Accommodation of Uncertainty in New Drug Development Work. Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 19, No. 2.
  • Teece, D.J. (2014). The Foundations of Enterprise Performance: Dynamic and Ordinary Capabilities in an (Economic) Theory of Firms. Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4, 328-352.
  • Templer, K.J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N.A. (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job review, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group & Organizational Management, 31(1), 154-173.
  • Thomas, D.C., & Ravlin, E.C. (1995). Responses of employees to cultural adaptation by a foreign manager. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 133-146.
  • Tidd, J., & Bessant, J. (2009). Managing innovation: Integrating technological market and organizational change. Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Tolentino, P. (2008). Explaining the competitiveness of multinational companies from developing economies: a critical review of the academic literature. International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, 4: 23–38.
  • Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Triandis, H.C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51: 407-415.
  • Triandis, H.C. (2002). Generic individualism and collectivism. In M.J. Gannon and K.L. Newman (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of cross-cultural management (pp. 16-45). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Business.
  • Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner. C. (2010) Riding the Waves of Innovation: Harness the Power of Global Culture to Drive Creativity and Growth. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • University of Cambridge Institute for Manufacturing (2009). How to implement open innovation. Lessons from studying large multinational companies. Cambridge, UK: Institute for Manufacturing.
  • Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K.Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M.L., & Koh. C. (2012, April). Sub-dimensions of the four factor model of cultural intelligence: Expanding the conceptualization and measurement of cultural intelligence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
  • Verplanken, R., & Holland, R.W. (2002). Motivated decision-making: Effects of activation and self-centrality of values on choices and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 434-447.
  • Verspagen, B. (2001, January 9). Economic Growth and Technological Change: An Evolutionary Interpretation. doi: 10.1787/703445834058
  • Waldman, D.A., Sully de Luque, M., & Wang, D. (2012, February). What Can We Really Learn About Management Practices Across Firms and Countries? Academy of Management Perspectives. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp.20110093 Whorf, B.L. (1956). Language, thought and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Wolff, P., & Holmes, K.J. (2011, May/June). Linguistic Relativity. WIREs Cognitive Science, Volume 2, 253-265.
  • World Economic Forum (WEF) (2018). The Global Risks Report 2018 (13th Edition). Retrieved on February 14, 2018, from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GRR18_Report.pdf.
  • World Economic Forum (WEF) (2018b). These are the world’s most innovative cities, and here’s why. Retrieved on February 26, 2018, from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/worlds-most-innovative-cities-jll/
  • Winn, D. (1983). The Manipulated Mind: Brainwashing, Conditioning, and Indoctrination. London: Octagon Press.
  • Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(2), 151-208. doi: 10.1023/A:1006884930135
  • Yamazaki, Y., & Kayes, D.C. (2004). An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Learning: A Review and Integration of Competencies for Successful Expatriate Adaption. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3, 362-379.