Elektrikli araç uygulamalarında kullanılan lityum bataryalar için göreceli kapasite tahmin yöntemi

Günümüzde fosil yakıt kullanımının çevresel zararları hakkındaki bilincin artması ve bu yakıtların rezervlerindeki azalmadan dolayı temiz ulaşım konusu ilgi çekmektedir. Elektrikli Araçlar (EA) bu alandaki önemli alternatiflerdendir. Diğer batarya türlerine kıyasla kendiliğinden boşalma oranlarının düşük olması ve yüksek enerji yoğunluğuna, yüksek güç yoğunluğuna ve yüksek açık devre gerilimlerine sahip olmaları nedeniyle lityum tabanlı bataryalar EA uygulamalarında yoğunlukla tercih edilir. Bataryaların performansı zaman ve kullanım ile azalır. Bu nedenle EA uygulamalarında bataryanın sağlık ve ömür bilgisi önemlidir. Bu çalışmada batarya sağlığı Göreceli Kapasite (GK) cinsinden ifade edilmiş ve basit bir GK tahmin metodu önerilmiştir. GK bataryanın güncel ve nominal kapasite değerlerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Önerilen metotta GK bataryanın Referans Çevrim Sayısı (RÇS) kullanılarak elde edilmektedir. Bu amaçla bataryanın terminal geriliminin belirli sinyaller altında değişimine bağlı olarak bir RÇS modeli geliştirilmiştir. Daha önceki çalışmalarda önerilmiş bir batarya modeli yaşlanma etkilerini de içerecek şekilde geliştirilmiş, bataryanın farklı RÇS’deki davranışının benzetimi yapılmıştır. Farklı RÇS’deki bataryaların aynı test sinyaline verdikleri tepkiler terminal gerilimindeki değişimler üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu değişimler sayısal büyüklüklere dönüştürülerek RÇS modeli oluşturulmuş, RÇS-GK ilişkisinden faydalanılarak GK elde edilmiştir. Metodun geçerliliği deneysel olarak da teyit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Lityum-İyon batarya, Elektrikli araçlar, Batarya sağlık durumu, Göreceli kapasite, Referans çevrim sayısı

A relative capacity estimation method for lithium batteries used in electric vehicle applications

Depending on the consciousness about environmental harms of fossil fuel usage and depletion in their reserves, the interest on clean transportation is rising today. Electric vehicles (EV) are important alternatives on clean transportation. In EV applications, lithium based batteries are commonly preferred due to their relatively high energy and power densities, higher open circuit voltages and lower self-discharge rates, when compared to other secondary battery types. Performance of a battery decreases with age. Therefore battery health and life information is important for reliable operation in EV applications. In this study battery health is represented in terms of relative capacity (RC) which is the comparison between actual and nominal capacity values of a battery and a simple RC estimation method is proposed. In the method, RC is estimated by using relative cycle number by using reference cycle number (RCN). For this purpose a RCN model, which is based on the change of terminal voltage under a significant load signal, is developed. A battery model, which was proposed in an earlier study is improved in order to reflect aging effects. Behaviors of batteries in different reference cycles are simulated. Different responses of batteries to the same load signal, by means of differences in terminal voltages are investigated. These differences are transformed to numerical quantities to develop RCN model and thereafter RC is estimated by using the relationship between RCN and RC. The method is validated with experiments.

Keywords:

Lithium-Ion batteries, Electric vehicles, Battery state of health, Relative capacity, Reference cycle number,

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