Osmanlı Ve Safevî Elçilerinin Venedik'te Kabul Törenleri Karşılaştırmalı Perspektifte

Bu çalışmanın amacı Venedik Devlet Arşivi'nde bulunan belgeler ışığında Osmanlı ve Safevî elçilerinin Venedik'te kabul törenleri ve ağırlanması konusunu karşılaştırmalı bir perspektifte incelemektir. Hem Osmanlı hem de Safevî elçileri Venedik'te genellikle iyi bir şekilde karşılanırlardı. Ancak Venedik misafirperverliğinin derecesi değişime tabi olup, gelen misyonun önemine ve Osmanlılar ve Safevîler ile ilişkilerinin genel karakterine uygun olarak değişiyordu. Venedik'te Osmanlı ve Safevî elçilerinin kabul merasimlerinden on altıncı yüzyılda ve on yedinci yüzyılın başlarında Padişahın elçilerinin Kızılbaş temsilcileri ile eşit veya çoğunlukla daha üst seviyede karşılandıkları ve ağırlandıkları anlaşılmaktadır. 1600 yılındaki Safevî elçisi Esad bey örneğinde görüldüğü gibi, Venedik hükümeti Safevi temsilcilerine yaptığı muamelede Osmanlıları kendilerine karşı kışkırtmamak için ihtiyatlı bir politika izliyordu. Ayrıca Osmanlı faktörünün Safevîlerin Venedik Cumhuriyeti ile ilişkilerinin genel karakteri ve dinamikleri üzerinde kalıcı etkisi olmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Safevî -Venedik ilişkileri, OsmanlıVenedik ilişkileri, Safevî elçileri, yeniçağ diplomasisi, diplomatik tören

Venice’s Ceremonial Treatment of the Ottoman and Safavid Envoys in Comparative Perspective

Taking a comparative perspective and drawing on the documents from the Venetian State Archives, the paper attempts to examine a ceremonial treatment of the Ottoman and Safavid diplomats in Venice. Both the Ottoman and Safavid envoys usually were graciously received in Venice. However, the degree of the Venetian hospitality was subject to changes and varied in accordance to the importance of the incoming mission and overall nature of its relations with the Ottomans and Safavids. It appears from the receptions of the Ottoman and Safavid diplomats in Venice that during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the ceremonial positions of the sultan’s envoys were equal or mostly above that of the Qızılbaş representatives. As it is evident from the Safavid Asad bey’s case in 1600, in its treatment of the Safavid envoys, Venetian government pursued a cautious policy and tried not to antagonize the Ottomans. Furthermore, the Ottoman factor had enduring impact both on the nature and on the dynamics of the Safavid-Venetian relations

Keywords:

Safavid-Venetian relations, Ottoman-Venetian relations, Safavid envoys, early modern diplomacy, diplomatic ceremonial,

PDF

___

Annali, filza 7, 13.
Collegio, Ceremoniali (CC), registri 1, 2, 3.
Collegio, Esposizioni principi (CEP), filza 1, 3, 11, 12, 13, 18; registri 11, 14.
Collegio, Relazioni, busta 25.
Quarentia criminal, filza 114.
Savi all'eresia (Santo Ufficio), busta 72.
Senato, Deliberazioni, Mar, filza 157.
Senato, Dispacci Constantinopoli, Rubriche (SDCRubr.), filza 2, 4.
Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli (SDC), filza 2, 60, 74.
Senato, Secreta, Deliberazioni Costantinopoli (SdeLC), filza 9, 14; registri 4, 22.
Mss. Urb.lat.1077.
ALBÈRI, Eugenio (ed.), Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto. Serie III, vol. III, Società editrice fiorentina, Firenze, 1855.
BERCHET, Guglielmo (ed.), La Repubblica di Venezia e la Persia, G. B. Paravia, Torino, 1865.
BROWN, F. Horatio (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Vol. 10, 1603-1607, "Norfolk Chronicle" Co., London, 1900.
----------- (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 11, 1607-1610, Mackie and Co. LD., London, 1904.
BUSBECQ, Ogier Ghiselin, The Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, 2 vols, I, Charles Thornton Forster, F.H. Blackburne Daniell, C.K. Paul & Co., London, 1881.
ÇELEBİ, Kâtib, Fezleke [Osmanlı Tarihi (1000-1065/1591-1655)], edit. by Zeynep Aycibin Çamlıca Basım Yayın, Istanbul, 2016.
Olearius, Adam, The voyages and travells of the ambassadors sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia begun in the year M.DC.XXXIII. and finish'd in M.DC.XXXIX, John Starkey and Thomas Basset, London, 1669.
PREDELLI, Riccardo (ed.), I libri Commemoriali della Repubblica di Venezia, Regesti, VII, A spese della Società, Venezia, 1907.
PRIULI, Girolamo, I diarii (1494–1512), ed. Roberto Cessi, II, Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna, 1921-1941, p. 338.
RYCAUT, Paul, The present state of the Ottoman Empire: containing the maxims of the Turkish polity, the most material points of the Mahometan religion […], their military discipline, John Starkey and Henry Brome, London, 1670.
SANUDO, Marino 1879 – 1903. I diarii di Marino Sanuto (MCCCCXCVI–MDXXXIII) dall’autografo Marciano ital. cl. VII codd. CDXIX–CDLXXVII. 58 vols. Venezia: F. Visentini.
SELÂNIKI, Mustafa Efendi, Tarih-i Selânikî (971–1003/1563–1595). 2 vols., ed. Mehmet İpşirli. Istanbul: Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayinlari, 1989.
VESELOVSKY, I. Nikolai (ed.), Pamyatniki diplomaticheskikh i torgovykh snosheniy Moskovskoy Rusi s Persiyey [Monuments of diplomatic and trade relations of Muscovite Russia with Persia], III, Tovarishchestvo parovoy skoropechatni Yablonskiy i Perott, Sankt-Peterburg, 1898
ARI, Bülent, “Early Ottoman Diplomacy: Ad Hoc Period”, in Ottoman Diplomacy. Conventional or Unconventional?, edit. by A. Nuri Yurdusev Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2004, p.36–65.
DA MOSTO, Andrea, L'Archivio di Stato di Venezia: Indice generale, storico, descrittivo ed analitico, I, Biblioteca d'arte ed., Roma, 1937.
DURSTELER, R. Eric. “A Continual Tavern in My House: Food and Diplomacy in Early Modern Constantinople” in Renaissance Studies in Honor of Joseph Connors , ed. Machtelt Israels and Louis A. Waldman. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2013, p. 166-171.
FORTINI B. Patricia, “Measured Friendship, Calculated Pomp: The Ceremonial Welcomes of the Venetian Republic”, in All the World’s a Stage: Art and Pageantry in the Renaissance and Early Baroque, eds. Barbara Wisch and Susan Munshower, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1990, p. 136- 86.
LABALME, H. Patricia and SANGUINETI, Laura (ed.), White Venice, Cità Excelentissima: Selections from the Renaissance Diaries of Marin Sanudo, trans. Linda L. Carroll, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2008.
MESOTTEN, Laura, “A Taste of Diplomacy: Food Gifts for the Muscovite Embassy in Venice (1582)”, Legatio. The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies, I (2017), p. 131-162.
MUIR, Edward, Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1981.
PEDANI, P. Maria, In nome del Gran Signore. Inviati ottomani a Venezia dalla caduta di Costantinopoli alla guerra di Candia, Deputazione Editrice, Venezia, 1994.
------------, “A Culture of Trust. Ottoman Merchants and Venetian Notaries in the Early Modern Period”, in Venetians and Ottomans in the Early Modern Age. Essays on Economic and Social Connected History, edited by Anna Valerio, Venezia, Edizioni Ca’ Foscari, 2018, p. 31-47.
------------, “Ambassadors' travels from the East to Venice”, Annali di Ca Foscari, 48, 3 (2009), 183-197
------------, “Ottoman Diplomats in the West: the Sultan's Ambassadors to the Republic of Venice”, Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi, 11 (1996), p. 187-202.
------------, The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15th-18th Centuries), Edizioni Ca' Foscari, Venezia, 2017.
PRETO, Paolo, Venezia e i Turchi, Sansoni, Firenze, 1975.
QUELLER, E, Donald, “Early Venetian Legislation Concerning Foreign Ambassadors”, Studies in the Renaissance, XII (1965), p. 7-17.
ROOSEN, William, “Early Modern Diplomatic Ceremonial: A Systems Approach”, The Journal of Modern History, 52/3 (September 1980), p. 452-476.
ROTA, Giorgio, “Diplomatic Relations between Safavid Persia and the Republic of Venice: an Overview”, in Hasan Celāl Güzel et al. (eds.), The Turks, II, Yeni Türkiye Publications, Ankara, 2002, p. 580-587.
----------, "Safavid Envoys in Venice", in Diplomatisches Zeremoniell in Europa und im Mittleren Osten in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. Ralph Kauz, Giorgio Rota, Jan Paul Niederkorn, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2009, Vienna, p. 213–245.
----------,Under Two Lions. On the Knowledge of Persia in the Republic of Venice (ca. 1450-1797),
Verlag der Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaft, Vienna, 2009.
SOWERBY, Tracey, “Early Modern Diplomatic Studies”, History Compass 14/9 (2016), p. 441–456.
ULUSKAN, Murat, “Divan-ı Hümayun Çavuşları,” Unpublished PhD dissertation, Marmara Üniversitesi, 2004.