Arapçılık ve Helencilik Arasında Osmanlı Devleti: Kudüs Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi Krizi (1908-1914)

Bu makale, Rum milletinin unsurları olan Rum ve Arap Ortodoksların ortak dinî değerlerini aşındıran bir sürecin krize dönüşen son evresini, kriz yönetiminde Osmanlı Devleti’nin rolünü merkeze alan yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Arapların Kudüs Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi idaresine katılım mücadelesini ifade eden bu süreç, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren sosyal huzursuzluğa dönüşerek mahallî Arapçılığı beslerken Patrikhanenin ‘Rum’ karakterini koruyan Rum ruhbanların tutumlarını da radikalleştirmiştir. 1908’e gelindiğinde Kanun-ı Esasi’nin ilanı, Arapların taleplerine yasal bir zemin sunduğu gibi ‘yeniden’ ortaya çıkan ihtilafa Osmanlı Devleti’ni bütün merkezî ve mahallî kurumlarıyla birlikte hiç olmadığı kadar dahil etmiştir. Ancak meşrutiyetin getirdiği hürriyet hislerine rağmen Osmanlı Devleti’nin meseleye geleneksel düzenin devamı ve asayiş ve güvenliğin tesisini merkeze alan yaklaşımı değişmemiş; Patrikhanenin, Arapların ‘milli kilisesine’ dönüşmesi engellenirken Arapların da katılımıyla kurulan Karma Meclise Patrikhanenin bazı görevlerine nezaret hakkı verilerek Rum ruhbanların yolsuzluklarının önlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nihayetinde nihai çözüm mercii olarak kararların tatbikine bizzat nezaret eden Osmanlı idaresi, ihtilaflı tarafları ‘devlet çıkarları’ doğrultusunda dengeleyebilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kudüs Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, Arap Ortodokslar, Rum Ruhbanlar, Osmanlı Devleti, II. Meşrutiyet

This article deals with the last phase of a process which turned into a crisis that eroded common religious values of Orthodox Arabs and Greeks, includ¬ing elements of Rum millet, with an approach including the role of the Ottoman administration in the crisis management. This process, which expressed the struggle of Arabs to participate in the administration of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem by creating social unrest during the second half of 19th century, radicalized the attitudes of Greek clergy as defenders of Greek characteristics of the Patriarchate while nurturing local Arab nationalism. The declaration of Kanun-ı Esasi in 1908 provided not only a legal basis for the demands of Arabs but also included Ottoman administration together with all its central and local institutions in the reemerging conflict more than ever. Despite feelings of freedom and equality brought about by constitutionalism, the Ottoman approach on the issue stayed traditional. In other words, while preventing the Patriarchate from turning into a ‘national church’ for Arabs, the Ottoman administration aimed to repress the corruption of Greek clergy by giving the parish council the right to supervise some duties of the Patriarchate. Finally, supervising implementation of decisions, as the political arbiter, the Ottoman administration managed to balance the disputed parties in line with ‘state interests’.

Keywords:

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, Orthodox Arabs, Greek Clergy, Ottoman Empire, Second Constitutional Period,

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