Ambliyopide Son DURUM, Amblyopia Last STATUS

Ambliyopide Son Durum

Ambliyopi, organik bir göz patolojisi olmamasına rağmen görme keskinliğinde tek veya çift taraflı azalma olmasıdır. Çocuklar ve genç erişkinlerde tek taraflı görme azlığının en sık sebepi ambliyopi olup genel toplumda görülme sıklığı %1-5 arasında değişmektedir. Ambliyopide kritik yaş ilk 4 yaş olmakla birlikte 6-7 yaşta saptanan olgularda tedavi ile başarı şansı yüksektir. Zamanında saptanıp uygun tedavisi yapıldığında ambliyopiye bağlı görme kaybı geri dönüşümlüdür ve bu kitik süre geçtiğinde ise görme kaybı yaşam boyu sürekli hale gelmektedir. Ambliyopinin en sık sebepleri anizometropi, şaşılık ya da ikisinin birlikteliği olup ayrıca deprivasyona bağlı olarak da ambliyopi oluşabilmektedir. Tedavi yöntemlerinden refraktif düzeltme, kapama tedavisi ve penelizayon en sık kullanılan yöntemler olup ayrıca son zamanlarda nörovizyon tedavisi, medikal tedavi, refraktif cerrahi, akapunktur, makülaya düşük doz lazer ve mavi-kırmızı ışıkla uyarı gibi yöntemler de denenmiştir. Ambliyopi tedavisinde başarıyı etkileyen en önemli faktörler olgunun yaşı ve tedavi başlangıcındaki görme keskinliğidir. Olgunun yaşı ne kadar küçük ise daha kısa sürede daha iyi sonuçlara ulaşılmaktadır. Tanı esnasında görme keskinliği ne kadar düşükse tedaviyle alınan yanıt da azalmaktadır.

Amblyopia Last Status

Amblyopia is the reduction of visual acuity in one or both eyes, without the presence of an organic ocular pathology. Amblyopia is the most common reason for a unilateral vision loss in young adults and children. The prevelance in the population varies between %1-5. While the first 4 years of life are the most crucial years, with the right treatment vision can be increased up until 6-7 years of age. Vision loss caused by amblyopia is reversible with the adequate treatment in the right time frame, if it is detected later on in life or left untreated, it can be permanent. Most common causes of amblyopia are; anisometropia, strabismus or simultaneous presence of both. Deprivation can also cause amblyopia. Primary treatment options are; correction of refractive errors, occlusion therapy and penalization. In recent years neurovision therapies, medical treatment, refractive surgeries, acupuncture and macular stimulation with low dose laser or blue-red light therapies have been tried. The most important factor affecting the outcome of the treatment is the patients age and the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at diagnosis. Better results are achieved in younger age groups. Patients with lower BCVAs at time of diagnosis usually have a poorer outcome.

PDF

___

1. Denny, M., Daniel, J. (2003). Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus San Francisco. CA: Ophthalmology, (1): 9-12.
2. Von Noorden, G.K., Campos, E.C. (2002). Examination of the Patient 4:Amblyopia. In:Lampert R, Cox K, Burke D, eds. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. 6th ed. United States of America. Mosby Harcourt, p: 246-87.
3. Elflein, H.M., Fresenius, S., Lamparter, J. et al.(2015). The prevalence of ambliyopia in Germany: data from the prospective, population-based Gutenberg Health Study. Dtsch Arztebl ınt, May 8;112(19), 338- 44.
4. Lai, Y.H., Hsu, H.T., Wang, Hz. et al. (2009). The visual status of chhildren ages 3 to 6 years in the vision screening program in Taiwan. JAAPOS, Feb;13(1), 58- 62
5. Drover, J.R., Kean, P.G., Courage, M.L., Adams, R.J. (2008). Prevalence of ambliyyopia and other vision disorders in young Newfoundland and Labrador children. Can J ophtalmol, Feb;43(1), 89-94.
6. Matsuo, T., Matsuo, C. (2005). The prevelance of strabismus and ambliyopi in Japanese elementary scholl children. Ophtalmic Epidemiol, Feb;12(1), 31-6
7. Fu, J., Li, S.M., Li, S.Y. et al. (2014) Prevalence, causes and associations of ambliyopi in year 1 sudents in Central China :The Anyang childhood eye study (ACES). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophtalmol, Jan;252(1), 137-43.
8. Gürsoy, H., Basmak, H., Yaz, Y. et al. (2013). Vision screning in children entering school: Eskişehir, Turkey. Ophtalmic epidemiology, (20), 232-238
9. Toygar, O., Oğut, M.S., Kozakoğlu, H. (2003). İstanbul'da ilkoğretim çağı cocuklarında yapılan göz taraması sonucları. T Oft Gaz, (33), 585-91.
10. Erdem, Ü., Mutlu, F.M., Tatar, K., Altınsoy, H.İ. (2004). Investigation of the prevelance and causes of amblyopia in prescholl children. TAF Prev Med Bull, (3), 202-12.
11. Caca, I., Cingu, A.K., Sahin, A. et al. (2013). Amblyopia and refractive errors among school-aged children with low socioeconomic status in southeastern Turkey. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, (50), 37-43.
12. Polling, J.R., Loudon, S.E., Klaver, C.C. (2012). Prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors in an unscreened population of children. Optom Vis Sci, (89), 44-9.
13. Tarczy-Hornoch, K., Varma, R., Cotter, S. et al. (2008). Prevalence of ambliyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months the multi- ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophtalmology, 115(7), 1229-1236
14. Faghihi, M., Ostadimoghaddam, H., Yekta, A.A. (2011). Amblyopia and strabismus in Iranian school children. Mashhad. Strabismus, (19), 147-52.
15. Pai, A. S. I., Rose, K. A., Leone, J. F., Sharbini, S., Burlutsky, G., Varma, R. ... & Mitchell, P. (2012). Amblyopia prevalence and risk factors in Australian preschool children. Ophthalmology, 119(1), 138-144.
16. Ikuomenisan, S.J., Musa, K.O., Aribaba, O.T., Onakoya, A.O. (2016). Prevalence and pattern of ambliyopia among primary scholl pupils in Kosofe town, Lagos state, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J, OctDec;23(4), 196-201.
17. Atilla, H. (2010) Ambliyopi ve Tedavisi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Ophtalmol-Special Topics, (3), 1-8.
18. AAO Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus Panel. (2007). Amblyopia. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology. For updated version (2012). http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=39255. (Cited Apr 15 2015)
19. Chew, E., Remaley, N.A., Tamboli, A. et al. (1994). Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol, (112), 1349-55
20. Ganong, W.F. (2001). Görme. In: Ganong WF eds. Tıbbi Fizyoloji. 20th ed. İstanbul; Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Ltd Şti, 144-65.
21. Kanski JJ. (2001). Şaşılık: Şaşılığın Fonksiyonel Sonuçları. In:Kanski JJ, eds. Klinik Oftalmoloji. 4th ed. İstanbul Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Ltd Şti;:518-21.
22. O'Dwyer, P.A., Akova, Y.A. (2010). Pediatrik Oftalmoloji ve Şaşılık: Pediatrik Oftalmoloji. In:O'Dwyer PA, eds. Temel Göz Hastalıkları. 2nd ed. Ankara; Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri, 750-752.
23. Barrett, B., Pacey, I., Bradley, A. et al. (2003). Nonveridical visual perception in human amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, (44), 1555-67.
24. Yen, M.Y., Cheng, C.Y., Wang, A.G. (2004). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, (45), 2224-30
25. Wong, T. Y., Foster, P. J., Hee, J., Ng, T. P., Tielsch, J. M., Chew, S. J. ... & Seah, S. K. (2000). Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 41(9), 2486-2494.
26. Phelps, W. L. & Muir, J. (1976). Anisometropia and strabismus. The American orthoptic journal, 27, 131- 133.
27. Voo, I., Lee, D. A. & Oelrich, F. O. (1998). Prevalences of ocular conditions among Hispanic, white, Asian, and black immigrant students examined by the UCLA Mobile Eye Clinic. Journal of the American Optometric Association,69(4), 255-261.
28. Sainani, A. (2013). Special considerations for prescription of glasses in children. J Clin Ophtalmol Res, 1(3), 169.
29. Fern, K. D. (1989). Visual acuity outcome in isometropic hyperopia. Optometry & Vision Science, 66(10), 649-658.
30. Von Noorden GK.(ed).(1990) Examination of Patient III; Sensory sign symptoms and adaptations in strabismus, In Binocular Vision and Ocular MotilityTheory and Management of Strabismus St Louis: Mosby Company. 207-281.
31. Donahue, SP., Wall, M., KE, Kardon RH. (1999). Automated perimetry in amblyopia: a generalized depression. Am J Ophthalmol, (127), 312-21.
32. Bradley, A., Dahlman, C., Switkes, E., De Valois, K. (1986). A comparison of color and luminance discrimination in amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, (27), 1404-9
33. Wang, X., Cui, D., Zheng, L., Yang, X., Yang, H., Zeng, J. (2012). Combination of blood oxygen leveldependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and visual evoked potential recordings for abnormal visual cortex in two types of amblyopia. Mol Vis, (18), 909-19.
34. Masoud Shoushtarian, S. M., Mirdehghan Farashah, M. S., Valiollahi, P., Tajik, A., Adhamimoghaddam, F. & Malekzadeh, S. (2010). Electroretinogram in amblyopic and non-amblyopic children. Indian journal of pediatrics, 77(5), 577-578.
35. Edwards, A.R., Arnold, R.W., Ewerett, D.P., Felius, J., Cotter, S.A. (2007). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of strabismic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Am J Opthalmol, June;143(6), 1060-1063.
36. Leitch, R.J., Burke, J.P., Strachan, I.M. (1990). Convergence excess esotropia treated surgically with faden operation and medial rectus muscle recessions. Br J Opthalmol ,(74), 278.
37. Duranoglu, Y. (2007). Optic nerve head topographic analysis and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie), (39), 291-5.
38. Koçak, G. & Duranoğlu, Y. (2014). Ambliyopi ve tedavisi. Turk J Ophthalmol,44, 228-236.
39. Roberts, C.J., Adams, G.G.W. (2002). Contact lenses in the management of high anisometropic amblyopia. Eye (Lond), 16, 577-9.
40. Cotter, S.A., Edwards, A.R., Arnold, R.W. et al. (2007). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of Strabismic Amblyopia with Refractive Correction. Am J Ophthalmol, (143), 1060-3.
41. Cotter, S.A., Foster, N.C., Holmes, J.M. et al. (2012). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Optical treatment of strabismic and combined strabismic-anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology, (119), 150-8.
42. Mazow, M.L., Chuang, A., Vital, M.C., Prager, T. (2000). Outcome study in amblyopia: Treatment and practice pattern variations. JAAPOS, (4), 1-9.
43. Wallace, D.K., Edwards, A.R., Cotter, S.A. et al. (2006). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group, A Randomized Trial to Evaluate Two Hours of Daily Patching for Amblyopia in Children. Ophthalmology, (113), 904-12.
44. A Randomized Trial of Prescribed Patching Regimens for Treatment of Severe Amblyopia in Children. (2003). Ophthalmology 110, 2075-2087.
45. Repka, M.X., Beck, R.W., Holmes, J.M. et al. (2003). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A Randomized Trial of Patching Regimens for Treatment of Moderate Amblyopia in Children. Arch Ophthalmol, (121), 603-11.
46. Holmes, J.M., Kraker, R.T., Beck, R.W. et al. (2003). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A Randomized Trial of Prescribed Patching Regimens for Treatment of Severe Amblyopia in Children. Ophthalmology, (11), 2075-87.
47. Scheiman, M.M., Hertle, R.W., Beck, R.W. et al, (2005). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Randomized Trial of Treatment of Amblyopia in Children Aged 7 to 17 Years. Arch Ophthalmol, (123), 437-47.
48. Ali Şefik Sanaç. Şaşılık ve Tedavisi.2.Baskı Ankara (2002). pp: 75-121,235- 267.
49. Repka, M.X., Kraker, R.T., Beck, R.W. et al. (2009). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of severe amblyopia with weekend atropine: Results from two randomized clinical trials. JAAPOS, (13), 258-63.
50. Wallace, M.P., Stewart, C.E., Moseley, M. J.,Stephens, D. A. & Fielder, A. R. (2013). Compliance With Occlusion Therapy for Childhood AmblyopiaCompliance With Occlusion Therapy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 54(9), 6158-6166.
51. Polat, U., Ma-Naim, T., Belkin, M. & Sagi, D. (2004). Improving vision in adult amblyopia by perceptual learning. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(17), 6692-6697.
52. Cleary, M., Moody, A.D., Buchanan, A., Stewart, H. & Dutton, G. N. (2009). Assessment of a computerbased treatment for older amblyopes: the Glasgow Pilot Study. Eye, 23(1), 124-131.
53. Waddingham, P.E., Butler, T. K. H., Cobb, S. V., Moody, A. D. R., Comaish, I. F., Haworth, S. M.... & Griffiths, G. D. (2006). Preliminary results from the use of the novel Interactive Binocular Treatment (I-BiT(TM)) system, in the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Eye, 20(3), 375-378.
54. Herbison, N., Cobb, S., Gregson, R., Ash, I., Eastgate, R., Purdy, J. ... & Foss, A. (2013). Interactive binocular treatment (I-BiT) for amblyopia: results of a pilot study of 3D shutter glasses system. Eye, 27(9), 1077-1083.
55. Birch, E. E., Li, S. L., Jost, R. M., Morale, S. E., De La Cruz, A., Stager, D., ... & Stager, D. R. (2015). Binocular iPad treatment for amblyopia in preschool children. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 19(1), 6-11.
56. Li, J., Spiegel, D. P., Hess, R. F., Chen, Z., Chan, L. Y., Deng, D. ... & Thompson, B. (2015). Dichoptic training improves contrast sensitivity in adults with amblyopia. Vision research, 114, 161-172.
57. Foss, A. J. (2017). Use of video games for the treatment of amblyopia. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology.
58. Gilven, S., Uzunel, D., Kose, S., Uretmen, Ö. & Egrilmez, S. (2007). Ambliyopi Tedavisinde CAM Gorme Uyaramnm Etkinligi. T. Oft. Gaz, 37, 149-55.
59. Repka, M.X., Kraker, R.T., Beck, R.W. et al. (2010). Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A Pilot Study of Levodopa Dosage as Treatment for Residual Amblyopia in Children 8 to _____18 Years Old. Arch Ophthalmol, (128), 1215-7.
60. Birch, E. E., Cheng, C., Stager, D. R. & Weakley, D. R. (2009). The critical period for surgical treatment of dense congenital bilateral cataracts. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 13(1), 67-71.
61. Lin, X. M., Yan, X. H., Wang, Z., Yang, B., Chen, Q. W., Su, J. A, & Ye, X. L. (2009). Long-term efficacy of excimer laser in situ keratomileusis in the management of children with high anisometropic amblyopia. Chinese medical journal, 122(7), 813-817.
62. Autrata, R. & Rehurek, J. (2004). Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy and photorefractive keratectomy versus conventional treatment of myopic anisometropic amblyopia in children. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery,30(1), 74-84.