Bilişsel Stil ve Sahte Anılar: Mantıksal ve Deneyimsel Düşünmenin DRM listeleri performansı ile ilişkisi

Bu çalışmada, kişilerin öğrenme aşamasında kendilerine sunulmayan kelimeleri hatırlama aşamasında yanlış şekilde tanımaları ile ortaya çıkan sahte hatıralar, bir bireysel farklılık olarak bilgiyi işlemlemede ikili süreç teorilerinin varsayımı mantıksal ve sezgisel düşünme biçimleri açısından incelenmiştir. DRM (Deese Roediger McDermott) listeleri ile ortaya konan sahte hatıraların, düşünme stili ile olan ilişkisi, Mantıksal Deneyimsel Düşünme Ölçeği (Pacini ve Epstein, 1999) ve Bilişsel yansıma testi (Frederick, 2005) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Uygulanan ölçeklere verilen yanıtlarda yüksek ve düşük puan alan grupların, tanıma testi aşamasında DRM listelerine verdikleri yanıt performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca kişilerin verdikleri yanıtlarına ilişkin yaptıkları hatırlıyorum/biliyorum değerlendirmeleri ile tanıma belleği süreçleri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak hem mantıksal hem sezgisel düşünme tarzında anlamlı bellek yanılgıları gözlemlenmiştir. Kişiler kritik kelimeleri değerlendirirken kendilerine gerçekten sunulup sunulmadıklarını ayırt edememişlerdir. En fazla yanlış yanıt kritik kelimeler için verilirken, verilen yanıtları değerlendirme aşamasında yine en fazla hatırlıyorum yanıtı kritik kelimeler için yapılmıştır. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da ortalamalara bakıldığında analitik gruptaki kişilerin sezgisel kişilerden daha az sahte hatırlama ortaya koymaları bulgusu ilerleyen çalışmalara incelenmeye değerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

DRM, Sahte hatıralar, Mantıksal sezgisel düşünme stili, Bilişsel stil, Hatırlıyorum/biliyorum

Cognitive Style and False Memories: Relationship of Rational and Experiential Thinking to DRM lists performance

In this study, false memories that occur when people misrecognize the words that are not presented to them during the learning phase, and the assumption of dual process theories in information processing as an individual difference were examined in terms of logical and intuitive thinking styles. The relationship between false memories revealed by DRM (Deese Roediger McDermott) lists and thinking style was examined using the Rational Experiential Thinking Scale (Pacini & Epstein, 1999) and the Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick, 2005). The response performances of the groups that received high and low scores in the responses to the applied scales to the DRM lists during the recognition test were compared. In addition, remember/know evaluations of individuals regarding their answers and recognition memory processes were examined. As a result, significant memory errors were observed in both logical and intuitive thinking styles. While evaluating critical words, people could not distinguish whether they were really presented to them or not. While the most incorrect answers were given for critical words, also remember response was made for critical words. Although it is not statistically significant, the finding that people in the analytical group exhibit less false recall than intuitive people is worth examining in further studies.

Keywords:

DRM, False memories, Rational Experiental Thinking style, Cognitive style, Remember/Know,

PDF

___

Baird, R. R. (2003). Experts sometimes show more false recall than novices: A cost of knowing too much. Learning and Individual Differences, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1041-6080(03)00018-9
Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Duchek, J. M., Adams, D., Roediger, H. L., McDermott, K. B., & Yerys, B. E. (1999). Veridical and false memories in healthy older adults and in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16(3–5), 361–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/026432999380834
Betsch, C., & Iannello, P. (2009). Measuring individual differences in intuitive and deliberate decision-making styles: A comparison of different measures. Içinde Foundations for Tracing Intuition: Challenges and Methods. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203861936
Björklund, F., & Bäckström, M. (2008). Individual differences in processing styles: Validity of the Rational-Experiential Inventory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00652.x
Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-Trace Theory and False Memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00192
Calvillo, D. P., & Parong, J. A. (2016). The misinformation effect is unrelated to the DRM effect with and without a DRM warning. Memory, 24(3), 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1005633
Coane, J. H., McBride, D. M., Huff, M. J., Chang, K., Marsh, E. M., & Smith, K. A. (2021). Manipulations of List Type in the DRM Paradigm: A Review of How Structural and Conceptual Similarity Affect False Memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(May), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668550
Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the Cognitive and the Psychodynamic Unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8). https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.49.8.709
Epstein, S., & Pacini, R. (1999). Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory. Içinde Dual-process theories in social psychology.
Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996). Individual Differences in Intuitive-Experiential and Analytical-Rational Thinking Styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 390–405. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005775196732
Gallo, D. A. (2006). Associative illusions of memory. Psychology Press.
Gallo, D. A., & Roediger, H. L. (2002). Variability among word lists in eliciting memory illusions: Evidence for associative activation and monitoring. Journal of Memory and Language. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00013-X
Gökçe Türk, E., & Artar, M. (2014). Adaptation of the Rational Experiential Inventory: Study of Reliability and Validity. Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 47(1), 1–18.
Graham, L. M. (2007). Need for cognition and false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.012
Guzey, M., & Yılmaz, B. (2021). False recognitions in the DRM paradigm: the role of stress and warning. Cognitive Processing, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01062-1
Israel, L., & Schacter, D. L. (1997). Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214352
JASP Team. (2018). JASP (Version 0.8.6.0). Içinde [Computer software].
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2005). A model of heuristic judgment. The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning. Oechssler, J., Roider, A., & Schmitz, P. W. (2009). Cognitive abilities and behavioral biases. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 72(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.018
Pacini, R., & Epstein, S. (1999). The relation of rational and experiential information processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.972
Phillips, W. J., Fletcher, J. M., Marks, A. D. G., & Hine, D. W. (2016). Thinking styles and decision making: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000027
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
Roediger, H. L., Watson, J. M., Mcdermott, K. B., & Gallo, D. A. (2001). Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196177
Şahin, G. (2011). Sahte hatiralarda i̇şi̇tsel modali̇te i̇le görsel modali̇te arasinda ortaya çikan farkin si̇nyal denetleme teori̇si̇ ve güven araliklari i̇le i̇ncelenmesi̇. April, 0–2.
Şahin, G. (2020). DRM Listelerinde Bellekte Uyma Davranışı: İki Alternatifli Zorunlu Seçim Yöntemi ve Hatırlıyorum/ Biliyorum Değerlendirmesi İle Tanıma belleğinin İncelenmesi. Içinde S. Kıroğlu (Ed.), Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Alanında Akademik Çalışmalar -II (ss. 437–472). Gece Kitaplığı.
Şahin, G. (2022). False Memories and Cognitive Flexibility. Studia Psychologica, 64(3). https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2022.03.854.
Şahin, G., & Tekman, H. G. (2019). Sahte Hatıralarda Zorunlu Seçim Yöntemi ile Hatırlıyorum/ Biliyorum ve Modalite Etkileri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies in Psychology, 39, 179–193. https://doi.org/10.26650/sp2019-0016
Schacter, D. L., Israel, L., & Racine, C. (1999). Suppressing False Recognition in Younger and Older Adults: The Distinctiveness Heuristic. Journal of Memory and Language. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2611
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.1.1
Seamon, J. G., Luo, C. R., Kopecky, J. J., Price, C. A., Rothschild, L., Fung, N. S., & Schwartz, M. A. (2002). Are false memories more difficult to forget than accurate memories? The effect of retention interval on recall and recognition. Memory and Cognition, 30(7), 1054–1064. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194323
Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is rational? Studies in individual differences in reasoning. Içinde Studies of individual differences in reasoning (C. 20, Sayı 3).
Tekcan, A. İ., & Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe Kelime Normları: 600 Türkçe Kelimenin İmgelem, Somutluk, Sıklık Değerleri ve Çağrışım Setleri. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne;Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080017
Watson, J. M., Poole, B. J., Bunting, M. F., & Conway, A. R. A. (2005). Individual differences in susceptibility to false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.1.76
Weinstein, Y., McDermott, K. B., & Chan, J. C. K. (2010). True and false memories in the DRM paradigm on a forced choice test. Memory, 18(4), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211003685533
Winograd, E., Peluso, J. P., & Glover, T. A. (1998). Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Memory Illusions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199812)12:73.3.co;2-4