Hamza ATEŞ

5715

Ombudsmanlık İçin Öncü Bir Kurum: Hisbe

Hisbe kelimesi literatürde "hesaplamak" ya da "mükâfatlandırmak" anlamlarına gelmektedir. Teknik olarak, uygun davranışları teşvik eden, her türlü kabahat ve suçu önleyen devletin bir kurumunu ifade etmektedir. Hisbe teşkilatının, kadılık, mezalim mahkemesi ve şurta (toplum polisi) gibi İslami yargı müesseseleri ile yakın ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Hisbe'nin fonksiyonları arasında kamu hukukunun korunması, düzenlenmesi ve pazardaki alıcı ve satıcıların davranışlarının denetlenmesi suretiyle bir anlamda sağlıklı ortamın oluşturulması bulunmaktadır. Hisbe esas olarak herkesin güvenliğinden emin olacağı şekilde hayatını sürdürebileceği, sosyal hayatın düzenli ve güvenli olduğu, tüketicilerin haklarının korunduğu ve toplumdaki ahlaki çürü- menin önlendiği bir toplumsal düzen oluşturmak amacıyla İslami değerler ve ilkeler dikkate alınarak geliştirilmiş bir mekanizmadır. Gönüllü bir hesap-verebilirlik ve denetim sistemi olarak Hisbe'nin kökleri İslam'ın devlet olarak teş- kilatlandığı ilk günlere kadar uzanır. Bu dönemde, Müslüman devletler pazarların kontrolü, yerel bazı hizmetlerin sunulması ve gerek toplumda ve gerekse ekonomide oluşabilecek bazı küçük sorunların kısa yoldan, etkili ve adil bir şekilde çözülmesini sağ- lamak amacıyla ayrı bir kurum teşkil edilmiş olup, bu kurum zamanla gelişerek işlevlerini artırmıştır. Tarih boyunca, zaman zaman önemi azalsa da, bu kurum farklı isimlerle ve farklı kurumsal yapılar halinde sürekli var olmuştur. Günümüzde de, her ne kadar Hisbe kurumu geleneksel haliyle devam etmemekte ve tüm işlevlerini bir arada yerine getiren bir kuruluş bulunmamaktaysa da, bu kurumun önemli işlevleri değişik kamu kurumları ve yerel yönetimler tarafından yerine getirilmeye devam etmektedir. Bu makalenin iki amacı vardır. Birincisi Hisbe kurumunun tarihi gelişimi, temel fonksiyonları ve bu kurumun meydana getirilme ve geliştirilmesinin ardında yatan nedenleri incelemek, ikincisi ise Müslüman ülkelerde bu kurumun fiili uygulama yöntemlerini incelemektir. Makale, Hisbe kurumunun tarihi gelişim sürecinin özetlenmesi ile başlamakta, Hisbe kurumunun başlıca işlevleri ile bu kurumun yöneticisi konumundaki "Muhtesib"in rolü ve görevlerinin kısa bir analizi ile devam etmekte ve bu kurumun işleyiş yönteminin Osmanlı, Pakistan ve Malezya örneklerinde incelenmesi ile son bulmaktadır.

A PIONEERING INSTITUTION FOR OMBUDSMAN: HISBAH

The word hisbah literally means “sum” or “reward.” Technically, it connotes the state institution to promote the proper conducts and to avoid all types of misdeeds or offences. The institution of hisbah has been acknowledged as one of the main components of Islamic judicial institutions which has a link with various institutions, inter alia, qada’, mazalim and also shurtah. The function of the hisbah, therefore, consists of maintaining public law and order and supervising the behavior of buyers and sellers in the market with a view to ensure the right conduct. The hisbah is basically a control mechanism established by Islam to maintain the order of social life, so as everyone will enjoy security and fulfillment of his or her basic needs. It is also meant as an instrument to safeguard society from deviance, to protect the faith and ensure the welfare of the society in both religious and worldly matters. As a voluntary accountability and auditing system, hisbah has its roots in the early days of Islam when the Muslim states established a separate office to supervise markets, to provide municipal services and to settle petty disputes. Throughout history, this institution has existed in one form or another, and major functions of this institution has been performed nowadays by various public sector agencies and by local government units. This article has two objectives: the first is to identify the position of Hisbah in Islamic public management, while the second being to adduce the philosophy and ethics behind the implementation of Hisbah. Therefore, the article examines the basic principles of the institution of hisbah, by primarily focusing on the structural ramification, operational barriers and complications in the mechanisms of institution of hisbah, as well as such issues as functions of hisbah in commercial sector and in consumer protection and the survival of hisbah in modern economic system. It particularly highlights the ‘vague jurisdictional limitations’, ‘dynamics of the post of Muhtasib’ and ‘gaps between theory and practice’ as leading effects that were experienced in continuous series throughout the history of this institution.
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Ombudsman Akademik-Cover
  • ISSN: 2148-256X
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2014
  • Yayıncı: Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu
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Ombudsmanlık İçin Öncü Bir Kurum: Hisbe

Hamza ATEŞ