TROYA: PROTOGEOMETRİK, GEOMETRİK VE ARKAİK DÖNEMLER

Troya'da gerçekleştirilen yeni araştırmalar, yerleşimin Protogeometrik, Geometrik ve Arkaik dönemlerine (M.Ö. 1070/1040-500/480) ilişkin bilgilerimizde kimi düzeltmeler yapılması gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışma söz konusu dönemler için yeni bir kronolojik çerçeve sunarken, aynı zamanda kilit gelişmelere ilişkin genel bir bakış ortaya koymaktadır. Burada üç temel kronolojik düzeltme ele alınmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki, Protogeometrik ve Geometrik dönemlerde yerleşimin devam ettiğini gösteren kanıtlardır. İkincisi, M.Ö. 7. yüzyılın ortalarında yerleşimde gerçekleşen tahribata ilişkin kanıtlar ve bu tahribatın ardından ortaya çıkan değişikliklerdir. Üçüncüsü, erken Klasik dönemde yerleşimde bir kesintiyle sona eren Arkaik dönemin alt dönemlere ayrılmasıdır. Arkeolojik kalıntıların büyük çoğunluğu dinsel etkinlikle ilişkilendirilebilmektedir ve bu dönemlerde Troya'nın temel önemi, bölgesel bir kült merkezi olmasından kaynaklanmış olmalıdır.

Protogeometric, Geometric and Archaic Periods

New research at Troy has led to revisions in our understanding of the site in the Protogeometric, Geometric, and Archaic phases (1070/1040-500/480 B.C.). This article provides an overview of the key developments as well as presenting the new chronological framework for these phases. Three major chronological revisions are discussed in this article. First is the evidence for continued occupation in the Protogeometric and Geometric phases. Second, is the evidence for a destruction at the site in the middle of the 7th century and the changes that occur after this destruction. Third, is the division of the Archaic phase into sub-phases ending with a hiatus at the site in the early Classical period. The majority of archaeological remains can be associated with religious activity, and it is likely that the main significance of Troy during these phases was as a regional cult center.

___

Akarca 1977 Akarca, A., Neandreia: Kuzey Ege'de Arkaik ve Klasik Çağlara ait bir Şehir, İstanbul.

Antonaccio 1995 Antonaccio, C. M., An Archaeology of Ancestors, Lanham, MD.

Arslan 2005a Arslan, N., "Die Lokalisation von Paisos", Ramazan Özgan'a Armağan: Festschrift für Ramazan Özgan (Eds. M. Şahin - I.H. Mert), İstanbul, 9-14.

Arslan 2005b Arslan, N., "2003 Yılı Lapseki (Lampsakos) ve Çan İlçeleri Yüzey Araştırması", KST 22-2, 317-324.

Arslan 2008 Arslan, N., "2007 Yılı Lampsakos/Lapseki, Abydos ve Çan Yüzey Araştırması", AST 26-1, 333-344.

Arslan 2009 Arslan, N., "Kuzey Troas Bölgesi Yüzey Araştırmaları: Perkote ve Palaiperkote'nin Yer Belirlenmesine İlişkin Sorunlar: Surface Investigations in the Northern Troad: Problems on the Localizations of Percote and Palae-Percote", TÜBA-AR 12, 77-87.

Arslan 2011 Arslan, N., "Assos 2010 Yılı Kazı ve Restorasyon Çalışmaları", AST 33-3, 41-56.

Arslan - Bakan 2011 Arslan, N. - C. Bakan, "Lampsakos/Lapseki ve Çan 2010 Yılı Yüzey Araştırma Sonuçları", AST 29-2, 453-467.

Arslan - Sevinç 2003 Arslan, N. - N. Sevinç, "Die eisenzeitlichen Gräber von Tenedos", IstMitt 53, 223-250.

Aslan 2002 Aslan, C.C., "Ilion Before Alexander: Recent finds of Protogeometric, Geometric, and Archaic Pottery from area D9", Studia Troica 12, 81-129.

Aslan 2009a Aslan, C.C., "End or Beginning? The Late Bronze age to Early Iron age Transition at Troia", Forces of Transformation: The End of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. Themes from the Ancient Near East, Banea Publication Series Volume 1 (Eds. C. Bachhuber - R.G. Roberts), Oxford, 144-151.

Aslan 2009b Aslan, C.C., "Swan Imagery at the West Sanctuary at Troia", SOMA 2007: Proceedings of the XI Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Istanbul Technical University, 24-29 April 2007.

BAR International Series 1900 (Ed. Ç.Ö. Aygün), Oxford, 54-60.

Aslan 2009c Aslan, C.C., "New Evidence for a Destruction at Troia in the mid 7th century B.C.", Studia Troica 18, 33-58.

Aslan 2009d Aslan, C.C., "Gray Ware at Troy in the Protogeometric through Archaic Periods", Pontica XLII supplement I: Pontic Grey Wares, International Conference, Bucarest-Constantza 2008, Constantza, 267-283.

Aslan 2011 Aslan, C.C., "A Place of Burning: Hero or Ancestor Cult at Troy", Hesperia 80-3, 381-429.

Aslan - Hnila 2014 Aslan, C.C. - P. Hnila, "Migration and Integration at Troy from the End of the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age",Nostoi: Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Conference Proceedings (Eds. N. Stampolidis - Ç. Maner - K. Kopanias), Koç University Press. yayın aşamasında

Aslan - Pernicka 2013 Aslan, C.C. - E. Pernicka, "Wild Goat Style Ceramics at Troy and the Impact of Archaic Period Colonization in the Troad", Anatolian Studies 63, 35-53.

Aslan - Rose 2013 Aslan, C.C. - C.B. Rose, "City and Citadel at Troy in the Late Bronze Age through the Roman Period", Cities and Citadels, (Eds. S. Redford - N. Ergin), Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement Series, Leuven, Peeters, 7-38

Aylward 2000 Aylward, W., The Roman Agora at Ilion and its Predecessors (Ph.D. dissertation), University of Cincinnati.

Aytaçlar - Kozanlı 2012 Aytaçlar, N. - C. Kozanlı, "Hellespontos İşliği ve Parion Buluntuları", Olba XX, 27-117.

Bammer 1998 Bammer, A., "Sanctuaries in the Artemision of Ephesus", Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Archaeological Evidence (Ed. R. Hägg), Stockholm, 27-47.

Başaran v.d. 2011 Başaran, C. - V. Keleş - H. Kasapoğlu - H.E. Ergürer, "Parion 2010 Kazı ve Restorasyon Çalışmaları", KST 33-1, 19-38.

Basedow 2007 Basedow, M., "Troy Without Homer: the Bronze Age - Iron Age Transition in the Troad", EPOS. Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology. Aegaeum 28 (Eds. S.P. Morris - R. Laffineur), Liège, 49-58.

Basedow 2009 Basedow, M., "The Iron Age Transition at Troy", Forces of Transformation: The End of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean, Themes from the Ancient Near East, Banea Publication Series Volume 1 (Eds. C. Bachhuber - R.G. Roberts), Oxford, 131-142.

Becks 2008 Becks, R., "Ein Kultbau der Spätbronzezeit in Troia", Anodos Studies of the Ancient World 6-7/2006-2007. Proceedings of the International Symposium: Cult and Sanctuary through the Ages (From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity), Trnava, 61-72.

Becks - Rigter - Hnila 2006 Becks, R. - W. Rigter - P. Hnila, "Das Terrassenhaus im Westlichen Unterstadtviertel von Troia", Studia Troica 16, 27-88.

Berlin 2002 Berlin, A.M., "Ilion Before Alexander: A Fourth Century B.C. Ritual Deposit", Studia Troica 12, 131-166.

Berlin - Lynch 2002 Berlin, A.M. - K. Lynch, "Going Greek: Atticizing Pottery in the Achaemenid World", Studia Troica 12, 167-178.

Bernard 1964 Bernard, P., "Céramiques de la première moitié de VII siècles à Thasos", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 88, 77-146.

Beschi 2003a Beschi, L., "Il Primitivo Telesterio des Cabirio di Lemno (Campagne Di Scava 1990-1991)", Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente 81, 963-1022.

Beschi 2003b Beschi, L., "Ceramiche Arcaiche Di Lemno: Alcuni Problemi", Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente 81, 303-349.

Bieg - Aslan 2006 Bieg, G. - R. Aslan, «Eine Quellhöhle in Spratt´s Plateau (Subaşı Tepe) - Wo lag Sigeion?», Studia Troica 16, 133-145.

Blegen 1932 Blegen, C.W., «Excavations at Troy 1932», AJA 36, 431-451.

Blegen 1937a Blegen, C.W., «Excavations at Troy, 1936», AJA 41-1, 17-51.

Blegen 1937b Blegen, C.W., «Excavations at Troy, 1937», AJA 41-4, 553-597.

Blegen 1938 Blegen, C.W., «Excavations at Troy, 1938», AJA 43-2, 204-228.

Blegen v.d. 1958 Blegen, C.W. - C.G. Boulter - J.L. Caskey - M. Rawson, Troy IV: Settlements VIIa, VIIb and VIII, Princeton.

Blegen - Caskey - Rawson 1953 Blegen, C.W. - J.L. Caskey - M. Rawson, Troy III: The Sixth Settlement, Princeton.

Brown 2008 Brown, A., «There ought to be some worthwhile ones:' The Bristol University 'Cook Collection' and Anatolia», Anatolian Studies 58, 173-218.

Cook 1973 Cook, J.M., The Troad, Oxford. Danile 2010 Danile, L., «Area 26: I Materiali Archici», Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente 88 (serie III, 10), 17-37.

Danile 2011 Danile, L., La Ceramica Griga di Efestia Dagli Inizi Dell'età del Ferro All'età alto-Archica. Lemno, 2. Scavi ad Efestia 1, Athens.

Dörpfeld 1902 Dörpfeld, W., Troja und Ilion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den Vorhistorischen und Historischen Schichten von Ilion 1870-1894, Athens.

Dupont 2008 Dupont, P., ""Ionie du Sud 3": Un centre producteur des confins de la Grèce de l'Est et du Pont-Euxin?", Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 14, 1-24.

Ehrhardt 1988 Ehrhardt, N., Milet und seine Kolonien: Vergleichende Untersuchung der kultischen und politischen Einrichtungen, Frankfurt.

Ersoy 2004 Ersoy, Y., «Klazomenai: 900-500 B.C. History and Settlement Evidence,» Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony, Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera (Eds. A. Moustaka - E. Skarlatidou - M.-C. Tzannes - Y. Ersoy), Thessaloniki, 43-76.

Fisher 1996 Fisher, S.M., "Troia "G2/3 Ware" Revisited", Studia Troica 6, 119-132.

Grave v.d. 2013 Grave, P. - L. Kealhofer - P. Hnila - B. Marsh - C.C. Aslan - D. Thumm-Doğrayan - W. Rigter, "Cultural dynamics and ceramic resource use at Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Troy, northwestern Turkey", Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1760-1777.

Hägg 1983 Hägg, R., "Funerary Meals in the Geometric Necropolis at Asine?", The Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century B.C. Tradition and Innovation (Ed. R. Hägg), Stockholm, 189-194.

Hertel 2008a Hertel, D., Das Frühe Ilion: Die Besiedlung Troias durch die Griechen (1020-650/625 v.Chr.), Munich.

Hertel 2008b Hertel, D., "Die Frühe Griechische Keramik in der Berliner Sammlung (1020-650/625 bzw. 600/550)", Berliner Beiträge zur vor-und Frühgeschichte neue Folge Band 14 (Eds. M. Wemhoff - D. Hertel - A. Hansel), Berlin, 93-174.

Hnila 2012 Hnila, P., The pottery of Troy VIIb. Chronology, Classification, Context and Implications of Trojan Ceramic Assemblages in the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Transition, Ph.D. dissertation, Tübingen University, http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/ volltexte/2012/6229/, Accessed: 30.8.2012.

Ilieva 2009 Ilieva, P., "'G 2-3 Ware' and the Non-Greek Populations on the North Aegean Coast (Some Preliminary Notes on its Distribution Patterns and Contextual Characteristics)", Greeks and Thracians in Coastal and Inland Thrace During the Years Before and After the Great Colonization Proceedings of the International Symposium, Thasos, 26-27 September 2008 (Eds. Z.I. Bonias - J.Y. Perreault), Thasos, 109-121.

Isaac 1986 Isaac, B., The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest, Leiden.

Jablonka 2006 Jablonka, P., "Vorbericht zu den Arbeiten in Troia 2005", Studia Troica 16, 3-26.

Kerschner 2006 Kerschner, M., "Zur Herkunftsbestimmung archaischer ostgriechischer Keramik: die Funde aus Berezan im Akademischen Kunstmuseum der Universität Bonn und im Robertinum der Universität Halle-Wittenberg", IstMitt 56, 129-155.

Koppenhöfer 1997 Koppenhöfer, D., "Troia VII - Versuch einer Zusammenschau Einschließlich der Ergebnisse des Jahres 1995", Studia Troica 7, 295-354.

Korfmann 1995 Korfmann, M., "Troia - Ausgrabungen 1994", Studia Troica 5, 1-38.

Korfmann 2000 Korfmann, M., "Troia - Ausgrabungen 1999", Studia Troica 10, 1-34.

Korfmann 2001 Korfmann, M., "Troia/Wilusa - Ausgrabungen 2000", Studia Troica 11, 1-50.

Korfmann 2004 Korfmann, M., "Die Arbeiten in Troia/Wilusa 2003", Studia Troica 14, 3-32.

Korfmann 2005 Korfmann, M., "Die Arbeiten in Troia/Wilusa 2004", Studia Troica 15, 3-26.

Körpe - Yavuz 2009 Körpe, R. - M. Yavuz, "Sigeion and Its Foundation", SOMA 2007 Proceedings of the XI Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Istanbul Technical University, 24 and 29 April 2007. BAR International Series (Ed. Ç. Aygun), Oxford, 230-232.

Kossatz 1988 Kossatz, A.-U., "Zur Archaischen Keramik vom Beşik-Yassıtepe", AA 1988,169-211.

Kromer - Korfmann - Jablonka 2003 Kromer, B. - M. Korfmann - P. Jablonka, "Heidelberg Radiocarbon Dates for Troia I to VIII and Kumtepe", Troia and the Troad: Scientific Approaches (Eds. G. Wagner - E. Pernicka and H.-P. Uerpmann), Heidelberg, 43-54.

Lamb 1931-1932 Lamb, W., "Antissa", Annual of the British School at Athens 31, 41-67.

Lenz v.d. 1998 Lenz, D. - F. Ruppenstein - M. Baumann - R. Catling, "Protogeometric Pottery at Troia", Studia Troica 8, 189-222.

Messineo 2001 Messineo, G., Efestia: Scavi Adriani 1928-1930, Padova. Mommsen - Hertel - Mountjoy 2001

Mommsen, H. - D. Hertel - P.A. Mountjoy, "Neutron Activation Analysis of the Pottery from Troy in the Berlin Schliemann Collection", AA 2001, 169-211.

Mommsen - Kerschner - Posamentir 2006 Mommsen, H. - M. Kerschner - R. Posamentir, "Provenance determination of 111 pottery samples from Berezan by neutron activation analysis", IstMitt 56, 157-168.

Moore 1982 Moore, M.B., "The Fill of the Temenos and the Terrace. Ceramics", Samothrace: The Temenos (Eds. P.W. Lehman - D. Spittle), Princeton, 317-382.

Mountjoy 1999 Mountjoy, P., "Troia VII Reconsidered", Studia Troica 9, 295-346. Parion kazısı web sayfası http://www.parion.biz/. Accessed 1.3.21013.

Polat - Polat 2006 Polat, G. - Y. Polat, "Antandros 2003-2004 Yılı Kazıları", KST 27-2, 89-104.

Polat - Polat 2007 Polat, G. - Y. Polat, "Antandros Nekropolü 2001-2006 Yılları Ön Raporu (Preliminary Report of Antandros Necropolis, 2001-2006 Excavation Seasons", Arkeoloji Dergisi 9-1, 1-20.

Posamentir v.d. 2009 Posamentir, R. - N. Arslan - J. Bîrzescu - Ş. Karagöz - H. Mommsen, "Zur Herkunftsbestimmung archaisch-ionischer Keramik III: Funde aus den Hellespontstädten, Histria und Olbia", IstMitt 59, 35-50.

Posamentir - Solovyov 2006 Posamentir, R. - S. Solovyov, "Zur Herkunftsbestimmung archaisch-ostgriechischer Keramik: die Funde aus Berezan in der Eremitage von St. Petersburg", IstMitt 56, 103-127.

Posamentir - Solovyov 2007 Posamentir, R. - S. Solovyov, "Zur Herkunftsbestimmung archaisch-ionischer Keramik: die Funde aus Berezan in der Eremitage von St. Petersburg II", IstMitt 57, 179-207.

Rose 1995 Rose, C.B., "The 1994 Post-Bronze Age Excavations at Troia", Studia Troica 5, 81-105.

Rose 1997 Rose, C.B., "The 1996 Post-Bronze Age Excavations at Troia", Studia Troica 7, 73-110.

Rose 1998 Rose, C.B., "The 1997 Post-Bronze Age Excavations at Troia", Studia Troica 8, 71-113.

Rose 1999 Rose, C.B., "The 1998 Post-Bronze Age Excavations at Troia", Studia Troica 9, 35-71.

Rose 2003 Rose, C.B., "The Temple of Athena at Ilion", Studia Troica 13, 27-88.

Rose 2008 Rose, C.B., "Separating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration", Hesperia 77, 399-430.

Schäfer 2008a Schäfer, T. "Sigeion Yüzey Araştırmaları 2005-2007", AST 26-2, 1-12.

Schäfer 2008b Schäfer, T. "Sigeion", http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/ philosophische-fakultaet/fachbereiche/altertums-und-kunstwissenschaften/institut-fuer-klassische-archaeologie/forschung/laufendefeldprojekte/sigeion.html. Accessed: 1.3.2013.

Schäfer 2011 Schäfer, T. "Sigeion, Troas Bericht uber die 1.Grabungskampagne 2009", KST 32-2, 407-420.

Schliemann 1881 Schliemann, H., Ilios, Stadt und Land der Trojaner: Forschungen und Entdeckungen in der Troas und besonders auf der Baustelle von Troja, Leipzig.

Schmidt 1902a Schmidt, H., Heinrich Schliemann's Sammlung Trojanischer Altertümer, Berlin.

Schmidt 1902b Schmidt, H., "Die Keramik der verschiedenen Schichten", Troja und Ilion. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den Vorhistorischen und Historischen Schichten von Ilion 1870-1894 (Eds. W. Dörpfeld), Athens, 243-319.

Spencer 1995 Spencer, N., "Early Lesbos Between East and West: A 'Grey Area' of Aegean Archaeology", Annual of the British School at Athens 90, 269-306.

Tavukçu 2006 Tavukçu, Z.A., Parion Nekropolü 2005 Yılı Buluntuları (Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Erzurum.

Tenger 1999 Tenger, B., "Zur Geographie und Geschichte der Troas", Die Troas. Neue Forchungen III. Asia Minor Studien 33 (Ed. E. Schwertheim),103-180.

Tuna-Nörling 1995 Tuna-Nörling, Y., Die Ausgrabungen von Alt-Smyrna und Pitane: Die Attisch-Schwarzfigurige Keramik und der Attische Keramikexport nach Kleinasien. IstForsch 41, Tübingen.

Utili 1999 Utili, F., Die archaische Nekropole von Assos. Asia Minor Studien 31, Bonn.

Waiblinger 1999 Waiblinger, A., "Céramiques de la nécropole d'Éléonte", Céramique et Peinture Grecques. Actes du Collque International, Ecole du Louvre, 26-27-28 avril 1995 (Eds. M.-C. Villanueva Puig - F. Lissarrague - P. Rouillard - A. Rouveret), Paris, 97-103.

Weninger - Jung 2009 Weninger, B. - R. Jung, «Absolute Chronology of the End of the Aegean Bronze Age», LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms III: LH IIIC Late and the Transition to the Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the international Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007 (Eds. S. Deger-Jalkotzy - A.E. Bächle), Vienna, 373-416.

Zunal 2008 Zunal, O., Kuzeybatı Anadolu Geometrik Dönem Seramikleri (Ege Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İzmir.