Mustafa ŞAHİN, Mahmut SALİHOĞLU

5817

Tarihsel Yorum Bağlamında Solomon Schechter’in Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğe Etkisi

19. yüzyıl sonları ve 20. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Amerika merkezli olmak üzere kurumsal bir yapıya evrilmeye başlayan Muhafazakâr Yahudilik tarihinde iz bırakmış isimlerin başında kuşkusuz Solomon Schechter (1849-1915) gelir. Onun, Amerika’da modern Yahudi cemaatlere hitap edecek din adamı yetiştirme amacıyla kurulan Jewish Theological Seminary (1886) ve kendi mirası olan United Synagogue of America (1913) aracılığıyla Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğe yapmış olduğu kurumsal katkıları tartışmasız öneme sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra hareketin günümüzde de benimsemeyi sürdürdüğü dinî yaklaşımın arka planında, yine Schechter’in düşüncelerinin izlerini bulmak mümkündür. Makalede Muhafazakâr harekete Amerika’daki erken döneminde aktif olarak katılan Schechter’in, Tanah, gelenek ve halahaya dair görüşleri ile Katolik İsrail prensibi bağlamında dinde otorite ve değişim meselesine bakışı ve bunun harekete yansıması incelenecektir. Çalışmada, Reformist ve Ortodoks duruşa yaklaşımı bağlamında Schechter’in hareketin temel ideolojisine yaptığı etki ve ortaya koymaya çalıştığı Muhafazakâr kimliğin mahiyeti tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Dinler Tarihi, Solomon Schechter, Tarihsel Ekol, Gelenek, Yorum, Muhafazakar Yahudilik, Katolik İsrail

The Influence of Solomon Schechter on Conservative Judaism in the Context of Historical Interpretation

Solomon Schechter (1849-1915) is undoubtedly the main figure that left a mark in the history of Conservative Judaism, which started to evolve into an institutional structure, centered in America, from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. His institutional contributions to Conservative Judaism through the Jewish Theological Seminary (1886), which was established to train rabbis to address modern Jewish communities in America, and the United Synagogue of America (1913), which is his own legacy, are of indisputable importance. In addition, it is possible to find traces of Schechter's thoughts in the background of the religious approach that the movement continues to adopt today. In the article, the views of Schechter, who actively participated in the Conservative movement in the early period, on Tanakh, tradition and halakha and his view on the issue of authority and change in religion in the context of the Catholic Israel principle and its reflection on the movement will all be examined. In the study, it has been tried to determine the effect of Schechter on the basic ideology of the movement and the nature of the Conservative identity that he tried to reveal in the context of his approach to the Reformist and Orthodox stance.
Keywords:

History of Religions, Solomon Schechter, Historical School, Tradition, interpretation, Conservative Judaism, Catholic Israel,

PDF

___

  • Adler, Cyrus. Solomon Schechter: A Biographical Sketch. New York: The American Jewish Year Book, 1916.
  • Araz, Ömer Faruk. Yahudilikte Tefsir Geleneği: Midraşik Literatürün Tarihsel Gelişimi. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2019.
  • Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi: Eski Ahit Örneği ve Modern Dönem Öncüleri”. Harran Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 31/31 (2014): 279-310.
  • Başaran, İsmail. Muhafazakâr Yahudilik: Tarih, Öğretiler, İbadetler ve Güncel Sorunlar. İstanbul: Arı Sanat Yayınları, 2017.
  • Başaran, İsmail. “Muhafazakâr Yahudilik’te İbadet”. Türk İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi 13/25 (2018): 213-227.
  • Başaran, İsmail. Ana Hatlarıyla Amerikan Yahudiliği: Tarihsel Süreç ve Gruplar. Konya: Çizgi, 2020.
  • Ben-Horin, Meir. “Solomon Schechter to Judge Mayer Sulzberger: Part II. Letters from the Seminary Period (1902-1915)”. Jewish Social Studies 27/2 (1965): 75-102.
  • Ben-Horin, Meir v.dğr. “Solomon Schechter to Judge Mayer Sulzberger: Part I. Letters from the Pre-Seminary Period (1895-1901)”. Jewish Social Studies 25/4 (1963): 249-286.
  • Ben-Horon, Meir. “Schechter, Solomon”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 18:113-114.
  • Bentwich, Norman. Solomon Schechter: A Biography. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1938.
  • Berenbaum, Michael. “Pittsburgh Platform”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 16: 190-191.
  • Brown, Benjamin. “Orthodox Judaism”. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism, ed. Jacob Neusner & Alan J. Avery-Peck, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 311-333.
  • Cohn Sherbok, Lavinia & Dan. A Popular Dictionary of Judaism. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005 (“Halakhah”, “Hasidism”, “Haskalah”, “Responsa”, “Tanna” maddeleri).
  • Commission on the Philosophy of Conservative Judaism. Emet ve’Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America v.dğr, 1988.
  • Dinur, Benzion. “Wissenschaft Des Judentums”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 21: 105-114.
  • Dorff, Elliot N. Conservative Judaism: Our Ancestors to Our Descendants. New York: Youth Commission, United Synagogue of America, 1977.
  • Dorff, Elliot N. The Unfolding Tradition: Jewish Law After Sinai. New York: Aviv Press, 2006.
  • Ellenson, David. After Emancipation: Jewish Religious Responses to Modernity. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 2004.
  • Epstein, Jerome. “Let Each Congregation Choose for Itself”. Erişim: 09.03.2022, https://forward.com/opinion/9660/let-each-congregation-choose-for-itself/.
  • Fierstien, Robert E. “A Noble Beginning: The Seminary Alumni Association 1901-1918”. A Century of Commitment: One Hundred Years of the Rabbinical Assembly, ed. Robert E. Fierstien, New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 2000, 1-20.
  • Frankel, Zacharias. “Die Symptome der Zeit”. Zeitschrift für die religiösen Interessen des Judenthums 2/1 (1845): 3-21.
  • Friedman, Theodore. “Jewish Tradition in 20th Century America: The Conservative Approach”. Jewish Life in America, ed. Theodore Friedman & Robert Gordis, New York: Horizon Press, 1955, 37-53.
  • Gertner, Haim. “Natanson, Yosef Sha’ul”, Erişim: 29.06.2022, https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Natanson_Yosef_Shaul.
  • Gillman, Neil. Conservative Judaism: The New Century. West Orange: Behrman House, 1993.
  • Golinkin, David. Halakhah for Our Time: A Conservative Approach to Jewish Law. New York: United Synagogue of America, 1991.
  • Gordis, Robert. Understanding Conservative Judaism. ed. Max Gelb, New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 1978.
  • Greenstone, Julius H. “Prosbul”. Jewish Encyclopedia, New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1905, 10: 219-220.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Kaynak Tenkidi”. Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü, Konya: Vadi Yayınları, 1998, s. 216.
  • Heilman, Samuel C. “Haredim”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 8: 348-351.
  • Herr, Moshe David. “Weiss, Isaac Hirsch”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 20: 733-734.
  • Hollander, David. “Jewish Law for the Law Librarian”. Law Library Journal 98/219 (2006): 219-252.
  • Jacobs, Louis & David Derovan. “Hermeneutics”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 9: 25-29.
  • Karp, Abraham J. “Solomon Schechter Comes to America”. American Jewish Historical Quarterly 53/1 (1963): 44-62.
  • Kurt, Ali Osman. “Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi: Haskala”. Milel ve Nihal 7/1 (2010): 33-59.
  • Lupovitch, Howard N. “Navigating Rough Waters: Alexander Kohut and the Hungarian Roots of Conservative Judaism”. AJS Review 32/1 (2008): 49-78.
  • Marx, Alexander. “Solomon Schechter”. Publication of the American Jewish Historical Society 25 (1917): 177.
  • Mandelbaum, Bernard. The Wisdom of Solomon Schechter. New York: The Burning Bush Press, 1963.
  • Meyer, Michael A. Response to Modernity: A History of Reform Movement in Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995.
  • Millgram, Abraham E. & Emma G. Ehrlich. “Nine Letters from Solomon Schechter to Henrietta Szold”. Conservative Judaism 32/2 (1979): 25-38.
  • Nadell, Pamela. Women Who Would Be Rabbis: A History of Women’s Ordination, 1889-1985. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
  • Nadell, Pamela S. & Marc Lee Raphael. Conservative Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
  • Özmen, Seda. 18. Yüzyıl Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi Haskala ve Moses Mendelssohn. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2014.
  • Reisenberger, Azila Talit. “The Development of the Halachah and Jewish Women”. Journal for the Study of Religion 18/2 (2005): 75-87.
  • Rosenblum, Herbert. The Founding of the United Synagogue of America, 1913. Doktora Tezi, Waltham: Brandeis University, 1970.
  • Rothschild, Jacob. “Lewy, Israel”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 12: 771.
  • Rudavsky, David. “The Historical School of Zacharias Frankel”. The Jewish Journal of Sociology 5/2 (1963): 224-244.
  • Sachar, Howard M. The Course of Modern Jewish History. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
  • Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
  • Schechter, Solomon. “Dr. S. Schechter’s Views (1905)”. Views on the Synod, Baltimore: The Lord Baltimore Press, 1905, 134-141.
  • Schechter, Solomon. Seminary Addresses and Other Papers. Cincinnati: Ark Publishing Co., 1915.
  • Schechter, Solomon. Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1909.
  • Schechter, Solomon. Studies in Judaism. 3 cilt, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1908,1911,1924.
  • Schechter, Solomon. “The Age and Authorship of Ecclesiastes”. Jewish Chronicle (5 Mart 1886): 11.
  • Schechter, Solomon. “The Work of Heaven”. Tradition and Change: The Development of the Conservative Movement, ed. Mordecai Waxman, New York: The Burning Bush Press, 1958, 163-172.
  • Schorsch, Ismar. “Zacharias Frankel and the European Origins of Conservative Judaism”. Judaism 30/3 (1981): 344-354.
  • Sherwin, Byron L. “Thinking Judaism Through: Jewish Theology in America”. The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism, ed. Dana Evan Kaplan, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 117-132.
  • Shetreet, Shimon & Walter Homolka. Jewish and Israeli Law – An Introduction. 2. bs., Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2021.
  • Siegel, Seymour. “The Meaning of Jewish Law in Conservative Judaism: An Overview and Summary”. Conservative Judaism and Jewish Law, ed. Seymour Siegel & Elliot Gertel, New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 1977, XIII-XXVI.
  • Silber, Michael K. “The Emergence of Ultra-Orthodoxy: The Invention of a Tradition”. The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity in the Modern Era, ed. Jack Wertheimer, New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992, 23-84.
  • Singer, Isidore & M. Seligsohn. “Frankl, Pinkus Frierdrich”. Jewish Encyclopedia, New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1905, 5: 496.
  • Slater, Avraham. “Solomon Schechter’s Approach to Changes in Halakhah”. Conservative Judaism 52/3 (2000): 30-38.
  • Sommer, Benjamin D. “Where is Authority Found?”. Erişim: 3.02.2022, https://www.jtsa.edu/torah/authority/.
  • Starr, Aaron L. “Tradition vs. Modernity: The CJLS and Conservative Halakhah”. Conservative Judaism 58/1 (2005): 3-17.
  • Starr, David B. Catholic Israel: Solomon Schechter, A Study of Unity and Fragmentation in Modern Jewish History. Doktora Tezi, New York: Columbia University, 2003.
  • Ta–Shma, Israel Moses. “Rabbinical Literature”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 17: 22.
  • The Babylonian Talmud. Çev. ve ed. Isidore Epstein, 35 cilt, London: The Soncino Press, 1935-1952.
  • The Mishnah. Çev. Herbert Danby, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933.
  • Thulin, Mirjam. “Wissenchaft and Correspondance: Solomon Schechter between Europe and America”. Jewish Historical Studies 48 (2016): 109-137.
  • Warhafting, Shillem. “Nathanson, Joseph Saul”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 15: 18-19.
  • Weinberger, Theodore. “Solomon Schechter’s (Postmodern) Conservative Jewish Theology”. Conservative Judaism 46/4 (1994): 24-36.
  • Yedidya, Assaf. “Orthodox Reactions to “Wissenschaft des Judentums””. Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience 30/1 (2010): 69-94.
Oksident-Cover
  • Başlangıç: 2019
  • Yayıncı: Bursa Uludağ Ü. Garbiyat Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Abraham ibn Daud’un İbn Hazm’ın Nesih ve Tahrif Eleştirisine Karşı Tevrat Savunusu

Yasin MERAL

Karai Âlim Ya‘kûb el-Kirkisânî’nin Tevrat Çevirileri Üzerine Değerlendirmeleri

Fatıma Betül TAŞ

İsa Mesih’in Tanrısallığının Taklidi ve Bunun Orta Çağ Hıristiyan Dünyasındaki Yansımaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Zekiye SÖNMEZ

Tarihsel Yorum Bağlamında Solomon Schechter’in Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğe Etkisi

Mustafa ŞAHİN, Mahmut SALİHOĞLU