Asmalarda fungal gövde hastalıklarının araştırılmasında farklı inokulasyon yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması

Amaç: Asma gövde hastalıkları, birçok fungal bitki patojeninin neden olduğu kompleks hastalıklardır. Bu çalışmada dört farklı hastalığı (Petri ve Siyah Bacak Hastalığı, Botryosphaeria ve Phomopsis Geriye Ölüm Hastalıkları) temsil eden bazı fungal patojenler için en uygun inokulasyon yönteminin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem ve Bulgular: Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Dactylonectria macrodidyma, Neofusicoccum parvum ve Diaporthe ampelina türü funguslar dormant asma kalemlerine veya yeşil sürgünlere farklı yöntemlerle inokule edilmişlerdir. Dormant kalemlere uygulanan yöntemler; a) kabuk altına miselyal agar disk inokulasyonu, b) tepeden agar disk inokulasyonu, c) ksileme enjeksiyon yöntemi ve d) yeşil sürgünlere agar disk inokulasyonudur. Patojenlerin kalemler ve yeşil sürgünlere inokulasyonunu takiben 2 ay süreyle gelişmelerine izin verilmiş ve sonra dokularda oluşan lezyon uzunlukları ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlara göre tüm patojenler tüm inokulasyon yöntemleriyle, hem dormant kalemler hem de yeşil sürgünler üzerinde lezyonlar meydana getirmiş ancak ölçülen lezyon uzunlukları kullanılan yöntemlere göre farklılık göstermiştir. En uzun lezyonların oluştuğu patojen ve inokulasyon metodu eşleşmesi şu şekilde gerçekleşmiştir; Diaporthe ampelina için yeşil sürgüne miseliyal agar disk inokulasyonu (72.2 mm), D. macrodidyma ve P. chlamydospora için ksileme enjeksiyon (sırasıyla 23.0 ve 66.1 mm) ve Neofusicoccum parvum için kabul altına miseliyal agar disk inokulasyonu (51.5 mm). Genel Yorum: Asmalarda fungal gövde hastalıklarının araştırılmasında birçok araştırmacı tarafından farklı inokulasyon yöntemleri kullanılsa da, patojenisite testlerinin bu çalışmada denenen yöntemlerden herhangi biri ile yapılabileceği ortaya koyulmuştur. Çok sayıda spor üreten türlerle yapılan çalışmalarda, ksileme enjeksiyon yönteminin daha makul sonuçlar vereceği görülmüştür. Miselyal gelişimi güçlü ve piknit üreten türler için ise kabuk altına ya da tepeden agar disk inokulasyon yöntemlerinin daha uygun olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Bir araştırmada, inokulasyon yönteminin seçimi o araştırmanın sonuçlarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının, asma gövde hastalıkları ile yapılacak araştırmalarda uygun bir inokulasyon yönteminin seçimine yardımcı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Comparison of different inoculation methods in the investigation of fungal trunk diseases in grapevines

Aims: Grapevine trunk disease are complex diseases caused by many fungal plant pathogens. In this study, it was aimed to determine the most suitable inoculation method for some fungal pathogens representing four different diseases (Petri and Black Foot, Botryosphaeria and Phomopsis Dieback). Methods and Results: Fungal species Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Dactylonectria macrodidyma, Neofusicoccum parvum and Diaporthe ampelina were inoculated into dormant canes or green shoots by different inoculation methods. These methods for dormant cuttings were as follows; mycelial agar disc inoculation under bark (a), mycelial agar disc placement onto the top of cuttings (b), xylem injection method (c) and mycelial agar disc inoculation on green shoots (d). After inoculation of the pathogens on cuttings and shoots, they were allowed to grow for 2 months and then lesion lengths on the tissues were measured. As a result, all the pathogens produced lesions on both dormant canes and green shoots with all inoculation methods, but measured lesion lengths differed from the inoculation methods used. The pathogen and inoculation methods matching, in which the longest lesions were formed, were as follows; mycelial agar disc inoculation on green shoots for Diaporthe ampelina (72.2 mm), xylem injection method for Dactylonectria macrodidyma and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (23.0 mm and 66.1 mm respectively) and mycelial agar disc inoculation under bark for Neofusicoccum parvum (51.5 mm). Conclusions: Although different inoculation methods have been used by many researchers to investigate in grapevine fungal trunk diseases, it has been revealed that pathogenicity tests can be performed using one of methods used in this study. In studies with a large number of spore producing species, it has been observed that the xylem injection method would yield more plausible results. It was also found that mycelial agar disc inoculations, under bark or on the top of the cuttings, were more suitable for the species having a strong mycelial growth and pycnidial production. Significance and Impact of the Study: The selection of the inoculation method in a study directly affects the results of that research. It is thought that the results of this study may contribute to the selection of the appropriate inoculation method in researches on grapevine trunk diseases.

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