Mardin Bölgesindeki Pastoral Toplumlarda Bazı Antrozoolojik Yönler

İnsanlar en az 11.000 yıl önce Levant ve Orta Anadolu'da hayvanları evcilleştirmeye başlamıştır. Tarımsal uygulama ile birlikte hayvanları yönetme fikri, bu bölgelerden aşama aşama Afrika, Asya ve Avrupa'ya yayılmış ve sonunda dünyanın yüzünü de değiştirmiştir. Arkeozoolojik kanıtlar, hayvanların evcilleştirilmesi sürecini daha önceki avcı-toplayıcılar tarafından tamamen bilinmeyen yeni bir insan-hayvan etkileşimi biçiminde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Mardin bölgesi Kuzey Bereketli Hilal'in merkez noktasında yer almaktadır. Bu bölgenin yakınında ve çevresinde bulunan arkeolojik yerleşmeler, esasen hayvanların ilk evcilleştirilmesi sürecini teşvik eden Erken Neolitik toplumlarda insan-hayvan ilişkilerinin kanıtlarını etkileşimlerinin boyutları, erken dönemlerden çok daha farklıdır ve bu nedenle, Mardin bölgesi pastoral toplumlarda, özellikle antrozoolojik bakış açısına odaklanan farklı olguları ve durumları incelemek konusunda çok önemli bir yerdir. Ne yazık ki, Güneydoğu Anadolu'da bu konuyla ilgili günümüze kadar çok az çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu saha çalışmasıyla, Mardin ilinin pastoralcılığı ve pastoral toplumlarda insanhayvan ilişkilerinin durumunu göstermek amaçlanmaktadır

Pastoral Societies of Mardin Province in Southeast Anatolia –Some Anthrozoological Aspects

Human first started domesticating animals at least 11,000 years ago in the Levant and Central Anatolia. Gradually the idea of animal controlling process, along with agricultural practice, spread throughout Africa, Asia and continental Europe and eventually transformed the face of the world. Archaeozoological evidences suggest that the process of animal domestication was actually occurred in a new way of human-animal interactions which was totally unknown to previous hunter-gatherers. Mardin region is located in the central point of northern Fertile Crescent. Archaeological settlements near and around this region provide the evidence of human-animal relationships in Early Neolithic societies which essentially promoted the early domestication process. However, the dimensions of present human-animal interactions are far different than the early stage, and therefore, Mardin region is a crucial place to study different facts and status in pastoral societies, particularly focusing on anthrozoological perspectives. Unfortunately, very few attempts have yet been taken regarding this issue in Southeast Anatolia. This field research is therefore aimed to observe the status of pastoralism and human-animal relationships in pastoral societies of Mardin province

PDF

___

Anggoro, F. K., Waxman, S. R. & Medin, D. L. (2008). Naming Practices and the Acquisition of Key Biological Concepts: Evidence from English and Indonesian. Psychological Science19 (4): 314-319.
Arbuckle, B. S. (2014). Pace and Process in the Origins of Animal Husbandry in Neolithic Southwest Asia. Bioarchaeology of the Near East 8: 53-81.
Backsheider, A., Shatz, M., & Gelman, S. (1993). Preschoolers’ ability to distinguish living kinds as a function of regrowth. Child Development 64: 1242-1257.
Bacon, E. E. (1954). Types of pastoral nomadism in Central and Southwest Asia. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 10 (1):44-68.
Barfield, T. (1981). The Central Asian Arabs of Afghanistan. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bellwood, P. & Oxenham, M. (2008). The expansions of farming societies and the role of the Neolithic demographic transition. In: Bocquet-Appel, J. & BarYosef, O. (eds.), The Neolithic Demographic: Transition and its consequences. Springer: 13-34.
Blench, R. M. (2001). You can’t go home again. Pastoralism in the new millennium, http://www.org.odi.uk/staff/r.blench (Accessed on 23.10.2016).
______ (1998). Rangeland degradation and socio-economic changes among the Bedu of Jordan: results of the 1995 IFAD survey. In: Squires, V. R. & Sidahmed, A. E. (eds.) Drylands: Sustainable use of rangelands in the twentyfirst century. Rome: IFAD: 397–423. 264
Abu Bakar Siddiq Bonfiglioli, A. M. (1993). Agro-Pastoralism in Chad as a strategy for survival.World Bank Technical Paper 214.Washington DC: World Bank. Brochier, J. E. (1993). Çayönü Tepesi: domestication, rhythms and environment of PPNB. Paléorient 19 (2): 39-49.
Casimir, M. J. (1996). Some recent publications on pastoralism in the arid lands of Western India (Rajasthan and Gujarat): a review. Nomadic Peoples 39:155- 162.
Crawford, R. D. (1984). Geese. In Mason, I. L. (ed.) Evolution of Domesticated Animals; Longman, London: 345-349.
De Tapia, S. (2007). L’agriculture turque face au défi de l’adhésion à l’Union européenne. Turkish agriculture facing the challenge of European Union adhesion.
http://turcologie.ustrasbg.fr/dets/images/travaux/agriculture%20turque%20et%20adh%E9sion%2 0%E0%20l%5C%27ue.pdf (accessed 23 October 2016).
Göbel, B. (1997). You have to exploit luck: pastoral household economy and the cultural handling of risk and uncertainty in the Andean Highlands. Nomadic Peoples 1 (1): 37-53.
Hammer, E. (2014). Local landscape organization of mobile pastoralists in Southeastern Turkey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35: 269-288.
Hammer, E. L. & Arbuckle, B. S. (2016). 10,000 years of pastoralism in Anatolia: a review of evidence for variability in pastoral life ways. Nomadic Peoples 20 (1), in press.
Helmer, D. (2008). Revision De La Faune De Cafer Hoyuk (Malatya, Turquie): Apports Des Methodes De L'analyse Des Melanges Et De L'analyse De Kernel a La Mise En Evidence De La Domestication. In: Vila, et al. (eds.) Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII; Lyon, Maison de l'Orient et de la Mediterranee: 169-96.
Hongo, H., Pearson, J., Oksuz, B. & Ilgezdi, G. (2009). The process of ungulate domestication at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: amultidisciplinary approach focusing on Bos sp. and Cervus elephus. Anthropozoologica 44 (1): 63-78.
Hongo, H., Meadow, R. H., Öksüz, B. & İlgezdi, G. (2004). Animal exploitation at Çayönü Tepesi, Southeastern Anatolia. TÜBA-AR 7: 107-19.
Inagaki, K. & Hatano, G. (1996). Young children’s recognition of commonalities between animals and plants. Child Development 67: 2823-2840.
Keskin, M. (2007). Eastern Anatolia: a hotspot in a collision zone without a mantle plume. In: Foulger, G. & Jurdy, D. (eds.) Plates, plumes and planetary process. Geological Society of America Special Paper 430: 693-722.
Leddon, E. M., Waxman, S. R. & Medin, D. L. (2008). Unmasking ‘alive:’ Children’s appreciation of a concept linking all living things. Journal of Cognition and Development 9 (4): 461-473.
Losch, S., Grupe, G. & Peters, J. (2006). Stable isotopes and dietary adaptations in humans and animals at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Nevalı Çori, Southeast Turkey. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131: 181-93. 265
Pastoral Societies of Mardin Province in Southeast Anatolia –Some Anthrozoological Aspects Bonfiglioli, A. M. (1993). Agro-Pastoralism in Chad as a strategy for survival.World Bank Technical Paper 214.Washington DC: World Bank.
Brochier, J. E. (1993). Çayönü Tepesi: domestication, rhythms and environment of PPNB. Paléorient 19 (2): 39-49.
Casimir, M. J. (1996). Some recent publications on pastoralism in the arid lands of Western India (Rajasthan and Gujarat): a review. Nomadic Peoples 39:155- 162.
Crawford, R. D. (1984). Geese. In Mason, I. L. (ed.) Evolution of Domesticated Animals; Longman, London: 345-349.
De Tapia, S. (2007). L’agriculture turque face au défi de l’adhésion à l’Union européenne. Turkish agriculture facing the challenge of European Union adhesion. http://turcologie.ustrasbg.fr/dets/images/travaux/agriculture%20turque%20et%20adh%E9sion%2 0%E0%20l%5C%27ue.pdf (accessed 23 October 2016).
Göbel, B. (1997). You have to exploit luck: pastoral household economy and the cultural handling of risk and uncertainty in the Andean Highlands. Nomadic Peoples 1 (1): 37-53.
Hammer, E. (2014). Local landscape organization of mobile pastoralists in Southeastern Turkey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35: 269-288.
Hammer, E. L. & Arbuckle, B. S. (2016). 10,000 years of pastoralism in Anatolia: a review of evidence for variability in pastoral life ways. Nomadic Peoples 20 (1), in press.
Helmer, D. (2008). Revision De La Faune De Cafer Hoyuk (Malatya, Turquie): Apports Des Methodes De L'analyse Des Melanges Et De L'analyse De Kernel a La Mise En Evidence De La Domestication. In: Vila, et al. (eds.) Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII; Lyon, Maison de l'Orient et de la Mediterranee: 169-96.
Hongo, H., Pearson, J., Oksuz, B. & Ilgezdi, G. (2009). The process of ungulate domestication at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: amultidisciplinary approach focusing on Bos sp. and Cervus elephus. Anthropozoologica 44 (1): 63-78.
Hongo, H., Meadow, R. H., Öksüz, B. & İlgezdi, G. (2004). Animal exploitation at Çayönü Tepesi, Southeastern Anatolia. TÜBA-AR 7: 107-19.
Inagaki, K. & Hatano, G. (1996). Young children’s recognition of commonalities between animals and plants. Child Development 67: 2823-2840.
Keskin, M. (2007). Eastern Anatolia: a hotspot in a collision zone without a mantle plume. In: Foulger, G. & Jurdy, D. (eds.) Plates, plumes and planetary process. Geological Society of America Special Paper 430: 693-722.
Leddon, E. M., Waxman, S. R. & Medin, D. L. (2008). Unmasking ‘alive:’ Children’s appreciation of a concept linking all living things. Journal of Cognition and Development 9 (4): 461-473.
Losch, S., Grupe, G. & Peters, J. (2006). Stable isotopes and dietary adaptations in humans and animals at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Nevalı Çori, Southeast Turkey. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131: 181-93.
Meiggs, D. (2010). Investigation of Neolithic Ovicaprine Herding Practices by Multiple Isotope Analysis: A Case Study at PPNB Gritlle, Southeastern Turkey. PhD Thesis., Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin. Opfer, J. E. & Siegler, R. S. (2004). Revisiting the living things concept: a microgenetic study of conceptual change in basic biology. Cognitive Psychology 49: 301-332.
Özbaşaran, M. (2011). The Neolithic on the Plateau. In: Steadmann,S. & McMahon, G. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10.000-323 B.C.E.); Oxford University Press: 99-124.
Peters, J., Buitenhuis, H., Grupe, G., Schmidt, K. & Pöllath, N. (2013). The long and winding road: ungulate exploitation and domestication in Early Neolithic Anatolia (10,000 - 7,000 Cal BC). In: Colledge, S. et al. (eds). Origins and spread of domestic animals in Southwest Asia and Europe; Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press: 83-114.
Prasad, R. R. (1994). Pastoral nomadism in arid zones of India: sociodemographic and ecological aspects. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House.
Pratt, D. J., Le Gall, F. & De Haan, C. (1997). Investing in Pastoralism: Sustainable natural resource use in arid Africa and the Middle East. World Bank Technical Paper 365; Washington DC: World Bank.
Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone age economics. New York: Aldine de Gruyter: 1-39.
Sensoy, S., Demircan, M., Ulupınar, U., Balta, İ. (2008).Türkiye İklimi.MGM web sitesi, http://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/turkiye_iklimi.pdf (accessed on 03.12.2016).
Siddiq, A. B. (2016). Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural transformation in Early Neolithic period. In: Kahraman, et al. (eds.) Proceeding book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): 519-532; Amasya University, ISBN: 978-605-4598-22-9.
Thevenin, M. (2014). Pastoralité in eastern Turkey.Journal of Alpine Research[Online], URL :http://rga.revues.org/2433; DOI : 10.4000/rga.2433. (accessed on 11.10.2016).
_____ (2011). Kurdish Transhumance: Pastoral practices in South-east Turkey. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 1: 23, doi:10.1186/2041-7136-1-23.
Vigne, J. D. & Helmer, D. (2007). Was milk a "secondary product" in the old world neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep, and goats. Anthropozoologica 42 (2): 9-40.
York, R. & Mancus, P. (2013). The Invisible Animal: Anthrozoology and Macrosociology. Sociological Theory 31: 75-91