Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Orthophtaldehyde Nanoflowers

Anahtar Kelimeler:

disinfection, endoscopy, nanoflower, orthophthaldehyde

Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Orthophtaldehyde Nanoflowers

Objective: Endoscopy procedures are frequently performed in gastroenterology clinics, and disinfection cost, corrosion and toxicity are important problems in this area. For this purpose, hybrid nanoflowers at various pHs were synthesized with orthophtaldehyde (OPA), which has an important in disinfection in these clinics, and the hybrid nanostructures obtained by reducing the amount of orthophtaldehyde use were aimed to also increase the effectiveness of the disinfectant. Methods: OPA nanoflowers (OPA NFs) were synthesized and their effective diameters (hydrodynamic diameters) and surface charges were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential (ZP) measurements, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of orthophtaldehyde and OPA NFs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 35218 and Candida albicans (C. albicans) ATCC 90028 standard strains were evaluated by the liquid microdilution method using percent inhibition method. Results: OPA-based OPA-Cu2+hybridnano flowers (OPANF) were synthesized successfully at different pH values (pH 7.4, 9 and 11). The most effective antimicrobial activity was observed in the nanoflowers synthesized at pH=7.4 for all tested microorganisms. Although the antimicrobial activity decreased as the pH value increased, NFs activity was higher than OPA alone at all pH values (p<0.001). In this study, NFs synthesized with 0.02 mg/ml OPA were found to be 5.2 times more effective for C.albicans, 5.75 times for E.coli and 4.4 times for S.aureus than OPA(0.02 mg/ml). Conclusion: NFs showed very high antimicrobial activity compared to OPA and also promise to be a preferred agent in medical device disinfection providing a high level of disinfection with the use of a few amounts of OPA that use in clinics.

Keywords:

disinfection, endoscopy, nanoflower, orthophthaldehyde,

PDF

___

1. Spaulding EH. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In: Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Lawrence, C.A., Block, S.S., Eds.; Leaand Febiger: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1968. p. 517.
2. Beilenhoff U, Neumann CS, Rey JF, Biering H, Blum R, Cimbro M, et al. ESGE-ESGENA Guideline: Cleaning and disinfection in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 939-957.
3. Petersen BT, Cohen J, Hambrick RD, 3rd Buttar N, Greenwald DA, Buscaglia JM, et al. Multisociety guideline on reprocessing flexible GI endoscopes: 2016 update. Gastrointest Endosc 2017;85: 282-294.
4. Marchese V, Di Carlo D, Fazio G, Gioè SM, Luca A, Alduino R, et al. Microbiological Surveillance of Endoscopes in a Southern Italian Transplantation Hospital: A Retrospective Study from 2016 to 2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(6): 3057.
5. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Healthcare Infection Control PracticesAdvisory Committee. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf /guidelines/disinfection_nov_2008.pdf.
6. Weber DJ. Managing and preventing exposure events from in appropriately reprocessed endoscopes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33 (7):657-660.
7. Ge J, Lei JD, Zare RN. Functional Protein-Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials. Nat Nanotechnol 2012; 7: 428-432.
8. Lee SW, Cheon SA, Kim M, Park TJ. Organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: types, characteristics, and future prospects. J of Nanobiotech. 2015; 13(1): 1-10.
9. Shaalan M, Saleh M, El-Mahdy M, El-Matbouli M. Recentprogress in applications of nanoparticles in fishmedicine: a review. Nanomedicine: Nanotech Biol Med. 2016; 12(3): 701-710.
10. Shende P, Kasture P, Gaud RS. Nanoflowers: The future trend of nanotechnology formulti applications. Artif Cells, Nanomed Biotech. 2018; 46(1): 413-422.
11. Dar AH, Rashid N, Majid I, Hussain S, Dar MA. Nanotechnology interventions in aqua culture and sea food preservation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(11):1912-1921.
12. Altinkaynak C, Tavlasoglu S, Özdemir N,Ocsoy I. A new generation approach in enzyme immobilization: Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced catalytic activity and stability. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2016; 93: 105-112.
13. Baldemir A, Kose NB, Ildiz N, Ilgun S, Yusufbeyoglu S, Yilmaz V,Ocsoy I. Synthesis and characterization of gren tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) extract and its major components-based nanoflowers: a new strategy to enhance antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv. 2017; 7: 44303.
14. Ildiz N, Baldemir A, Altinkaynak C, Özdemir N, Yilmaz V,Ocsoy, I. Self assembled snowball-like hybrid nanostructures comprising Viburnum opulus L. extract and metal ions for antimicrobial and catalytic applications. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2017;102: 60-66.
15. Vinayagam R, Pai S, Varadavenkatesan T, Pugazhendhi A,Selvaraj R. Characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoflowers synthesized using Bridelia retusa leaf extract. Appl Nanosci. 2021; 1-10.
16. Agarwal M, Singh Bhadwal A, Kumar N, Shrivastav A, RajShrivastav B, Pratap Singh M, et al. Catalytic degradation of methylene blue by biosynthesised copper nanoflowers using F. benghalensis leaf extract. IET nanobiotech. 2016;10(5): 321-325.
17. Badgujar HF, Bora S, Kumar U. Eco-benevolent synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers using Oxalis corniculata leaf extract for potential antimicrobial application in agriculture and cosmeceutical. Biocatal Agricul Biotech. 2021; 38:102216.
18. Koca‐Caliskan U, Dönmez C, Eruygur N, Ayaz F, Altinkaynak C, Ozdemir N. Synthesis and Characterization of Copper‐Nanoflowers with the Utilization of Medicinal Plant Extracts for Enhanced Various Enzyme Inhibitory Activities. Chem Biodiver. 2022;19: 1-12.
19. Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. CLSI standard M07, 2018 11th ed. Wayne, PA.
20. Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Reference method for broth dilution antifungalsusceptibilitytesting of yeasts; ApprovedStandards-Second Edition, in CLSI document M07-A10, 2012 CLSI Pennsylvania, USA
21. Gregory AW, Schaalje GB, Smart JD, Robison RA. The mycobactericidal efficacy of ortho-phthalaldehyde and the comparative resistances of Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium terrae, and Mycobacterium chelonae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20: 324-330.
22. Anderson SE, Umbright C, Sellamuthu R. Irritancy and allergic responses induced by topical application of orthophthalaldehyde. Toxicol Sci. 2010; 115(2): 435-443.
23. Morinaga T, Hasegawa G, Koyama S, Ishihara Y, Nishikawa T, Acute inflammation and immunoresponses induced byortho-phthalaldehyde in mice. Arch Toxicol. 2010;84(5): 397-404.
24. Marena C, Lodola L, Maestri L, Alessio A, Negri S, Zambianchi L. Monitoring air dispersed concentrations of aldehydes during the use of ortho-phthalaldehyde and glutaraldehyde for high disinfection of endoscopes. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2003; 25(2):131-136.
25. Tucker Samuel P. Determination of ortho-phthalaldehyde in airand on surfaces. J Environ Monit. 2008; 10(11): 1337-1349.
26. Fujita H, Masanori O, Yoko E. A case of occupational bronchial asthma and contact dermatitis caused by ortho-phthalaldehyde exposure in a medical worker. J Occup Health. 2006;48(6): 413-416.
27. Zhang XL, Kong JY, Tang P. Current status of cleaning and disinfection for gastrointestinal endoscopy in China: a survey of 122 endoscopy units. Digest Liver Dis. 2011;43(4):305-308.
28. Seo HI, Lee DS, Yoon EM, Kwon MJ, Park H, Jung YS, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of disinfectants in automated endoscope reprocessors for colonoscopes: tertiary amine compound (Sencron2®) versusortho-phthalaldehyde (Cidex® OPA). Intest Res. 2016; 14(2): 178.