Semih Lütfi MİRAPOĞLU, Aytekin KAYMAKCI, Sümeyye AKIN, Fatih GÜLTEKİN, Eray Metin GÜLER

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Undescended Testes Patients

Aim: Undescended testis is a congenital genitourinary system pathology characterized by the absence of testis in the scrotum. In this disease, the heat stress caused by the testes not being at the optimal temperature can trigger oxidative stress and inflammation. Our study investigated the status of oxidative stress and inflammation markers between patients with undescended testes and healthy infants.Materials and Methods: Fifty pediatric patients with undescended testes and a control group who applied to Pediatric Surgery Clinic were included in the study. From the blood samples, oxidative stress and inflammation status were examined. Interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels of inflammation parameters were measured by the ELISA method using commercial kits. Total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, total thiol, and native thiol levels were measured photometrically with commercial kits. Oxidative stress index and disulfide levels were calculated with a mathematical formula. Oxidative stress and inflammation marker levels of the patient and healthy groups were compared statistically. Results: Total antioxidant status, total thiol, and native thiol levels were statistically significantly lower in the patient group than the healthy group (p<0.05). Total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index, disulfide levels, and interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 levels were also statistically significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.05). There was no difference in tumor necrosis factor-α levels between the groups.Conclusion: In our study, it was observed that oxidative stress and inflammation were higher in patients with undescended testes. Since this situation may lead to systemic diseases in the future, more extensive studies are needed.

Keywords:

Undescended testes, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Cryptorchidism,

PDF

___

1. Leslie SW, Sajjad H VC. Cryptorchidism. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470270/ (2021).
2. Rodprasert W, Virtanen HE, Mäkelä JA, et al. Hypogonadism and cryptorchidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;10:906.
3. Gurney JK, Mcglynn KA, Stanley J, et al. Risk factors for cryptorchidism. Nat Rev Urol. 2017;14: 534.
4. Wilkerson ML, Bartone FF, Fox L, et al. Fertility potential: a comparison of intra-abdominal and intracanalicular testes by age groups in children. Horm Res Paediatr. 2001;55:18–20.
5. Petterson A, Richiardi L, Nordenskjold A, et al. Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:1835–41.
6. Aldahhan RA, Stanton PG, Ludlow H, et al. Experimental cryptorchidism causes chronic inflammation and a progressive decline in sertoli cell and leydig cell function in the adult rat testis. Reprod Sci. 2021;28:1–13.
7. Loebenstein M, Thorup J, Cortes D, et al. Cryptorchidism, gonocyte development, and the risks of germ cell malignancy and infertility: A systematic review. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55:1201–10.
8. Imamoğlu M, Bülbül SS, Kaklikkaya N, et al. Oxidative, inflammatory and immunologic status in children with undescended testes. Pediatr Int. 2012;54:816–9.
9. Shiraishi K, Takihara H, Matsuyama H. Elevated scrotal temperature, but not varicocele grade, reflects testicular oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. World J Urol. 2010;28:359–64.
10. Ritchie C, Ko EY. Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of male infertility. Andrologia. 2021;53:e13581.
11. Sposito C, Camargo M, Tibaldi DS, et al. Antioxidant enzyme profile and lipid peroxidation products in semen samples of testicular germ cell tumor patients submitted to orchiectomy. Int Braz J Urol. 2017;43:644–51.
12. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem .2005;38:1103–11.
13. Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem. 2004;37:277–85.
14. Eggert-Kruse W, Kiefer I, Beck C, et al. Role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) determination in seminal plasma during infertility investigation. Fertil Steril. 2007;87:810–23.
15. Güler EM, Yiğit M, Özer ÖF, et al. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Biomarkers in Acute Pancreatitis. Kocaeli Med J. 2021;10:187–93.
16. Ikeda M, Kodama H, Fukuda J, et al. Role of Radical Oxygen Species in Rat Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis Induced by Heat Stress. Biol Reprod. 1999;61:393–9.
17. Turner TT, Lysiak JJ. Oxidative Stress: A Common Factor in Testicular Dysfunction. J Androl. 2008;29:488–98.
18. Li YC, Hu XQ, Xiao LJ, et al. An oligonucleotide microarray study on gene expression profile in mouse testis of experimental cryptorchidism. Front Biosci. 2006;11:2465–2482.
19. Alver A, İmamoğlu M, Menteşe A, et al. Malondialdehyde and CA II autoantibody levels are elevated in children with undescended testes. World J Urol. 2014;32: 209–13.
20. Avci V, Ayengin K, Alp HH. Oxidative DNA Damage and NOX4 Levels in Children with Undescended Testes. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2019; 29:545–50.
21. Bisht S, Faiq M, Tolahunase M, et al. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2017;14:470–85.
22. Agarwal A, Rana M, Qiu E, et al. Role of oxidative stress, infection and inflammation in male infertility. Andrologia. 2018;50:e13126.
23. Chatterjee S. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Disease. Oxidative Stress Biomater. 2016;35–58.
24. Koçak I, Yenisey Ç, Dündar M, et al. Relationship between seminal plasma interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels with semen parameters in fertile and infertile men. Urol Res. 2002;30:263–67.
25. Azenabor A, Ekun AO, Akinloye O. Impact of Inflammation on Male Reproductive Tract. J Reprod Infertil. 2015;16:123.