BOSNA HERSEK’in AVRUPALILAŞTIRILMASI: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’nin AKTÖR OLAMAMASI

Bosna Hersek oldukça uzun bir süredir derin politik krizlerle mücadele etmektedir. Beklenen uzlaşmaya ulaşmak ve Bosna Hersek’in Avrupa Birliği yolundaki reformalarını hızlandırmak için gerekli siyasi irade ve kararlılığı göstermedikleri için ülkenin siyasi elitlerinin en büyük sorumluluğa sahip olduğu yaygın bir fikir haline gelmiştir. Her ne kadar iç siyasi elitler ülkenin durgun reform sürecinden büyük oranda sorumlu olsa da, bu çalışmanın amacı, Avrupa Birliği’nin Bosna Hersek’e karşı ne derece sorumlu tutulabileceğinin incelenmesi olmuştur. Bu çerçevede AB’nin Bosna Hersek’in iç politikaları üzerindeki güç ve etkisini ölçmek için Avrupalılaşma perspektifini temel teorik çerçeve olarak kullandım. Her ne kadar Avrupa Birliği savaş sonrası Bosna Hersek’te çok sayıda kurumsal araç geliştirmiş olsa da, yaklaşımı halen bütünlük, bağlılık ve birliğe sahip değildir. Ayrıca, AB üye ülkelerinin bu yaklaşımı Bosnalı politikacıların kendilerinden yüz binlerce farklı biçimde beklenen AB standart ve normlarını anlamalarını sağlamıştır. Bu nedenle, AB, Avrupalılaşma sürecindeki taraflardan biri olarak, Bosna’nın süreğen siyasi çıkmazından büyük ölçüde sorumlu tutulabilir.

BOSNA HERSEK’in AVRUPALILAŞTIRILMASI: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’nin AKTÖR OLAMAMASI

___

  • Alic, Anes, (2009). “Bosnian Impasse Over 'Dayton Two'”, ISN Zurich, International Relation and Security Network, 6 November 2009.
  • Anastasakis, O, & Bechev, D, (2003), “EU Conditionality in South East Europe: Bringing Commitment to the Process”, South East European Studies Programme, European Studies Centre, St Antony’s College University of Oxford, April 2003.
  • Ashdown, Paddy, (2005), “A superb agreement to end a war, but a very bad agreement to make a state”, Former HR in BiH, Lord Paddy Ashdown, Farewell, Sarajevo, The Guardian, 2 November 2005, available at www.guardian.co.uk/article/o..i6o64.8Q.oo.html.
  • Barroso, Jose Manuel, (2006), cited in OHR, BiH Media Round-up, 18 February 2006.
  • Bassuener, Kurt, (2009), “It is Time for Plan B for Bosnia”, in European Voice, 22.10.2009.
  • Bassuener, Kurt, (2009), “How to pull out of Bosnia-Herzegovina's dead-end: A strategy for Success”, Democratization Policy Council, February, 2009.
  • Bassuener, K, and Lyon, J, (2009), “Unfinished Business in Bosnia and Herzegovina: What Is To Be Done?”, May 2009, United States Institute of Peace, www.usip.org.
  • Batt, Judy, (2009), “Bosnia and Herzegovina: the international mission at a turning point”, FRIDE, Policy Brief, No 5 – February 2009.
  • BH Radio 1, (2004). “Jelena Kisic Reporting for BH Radio 1,” November 22, 2004 (in Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian).
  • Bieber, Florian, (2010), “Constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina: preparing for EU accession”, European Policy Center, Policy Brief, April 2010.
  • Borzel, Tanja and Risse Thomas (2003). Conceptualizing the Domestic Impact of Europe, in Kevin Featherstone and Claduio M. Radaelli (eds.). The Politics of Europeanization, Oxford University Press, pp. 55–78.
  • Bose, Sumantra. 2002. Bosnia after Dayton. Nationalist Partition and International Intervention. London: Hurst & Co.
  • Caporaso, James (2008). The Three Worlds of Regional Integration Theory, in Graziano, Paolo and Vink, Maarten P., (2008). Europeanization: New Research Agendas, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Daalder, Ivo H, and Froman, Michael B.G. (1999). “Dayton’s Incomplete Peace”, in Foreign Affairs. November/December 1999. pp. 106-113.
  • Demetropoulou, Leeda, (2002), “Europe and the Balkans: Membership Aspiration, EU Involvement and Europeanization Capacity in South Eastern Europe”, in Southeast European Politics, Vol. III, No. 2-3, pp. 87-106.
  • Domm, Rory, (2011), “Next steps on Bosnia-Herzegovina: key elements to a revised EU strategy” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2011, 53–67.
  • EC, European Commission, (2003). “Report from the Commission to the Council on the preparedness of Bosnia and Herzegovina to negotiate a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union”, Brussels, 18 November, 2003, available at www.dei.gov.ba.
  • EC, European Commission, (2007). “Commission Staff Working Document: Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 Progress Report”, Brussels, 6.11.2007.
  • EC, European Commission, (2007). “Proposal for a Council decision on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the European Partnership with Bosnia and Herzegovina and repealing Decision 2006/55/EC”, presented by the European Commission, COM (2007) 657, Brussels, 6.11.2007.
  • EC, European Commission, (2009). “Commission Staff Working Document, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2009 Progress Report accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2009-2010”, Brussels, 14.10.2009.
  • Eubusiness, (2011), “Nine in 10 Bosnians want EU membership: poll”, 24 March 2011, www.eubusiness.com.
  • EUSRBiH, (2011), “European Union Special Representative for BiH: EUSR Mandate”, Official Website of EUSRBiH, available at http://www.eusrbih.org/geninfo/?cid=2000,1,1.
  • Friis, Lykke, and Murphy, Anna, (2000). “Turbo-charged negotiations”: the EU and the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 7(5), 2000, p. 779.
  • Govedarica, Dobrila, (2010). “The Executive Director at Open Society Fund-Bosnia and Herzegovina”, Personal Interview, May, 2010.
  • Hadžikadunic, Emir, (2005), Od Dejtona do Brisela, ACIPS, Sarajevo.
  • Havel, Vaclav, (2000), “Overcoming the division of Europe” (speech given to the European Parliament on 15th June 2000) in Enlargement and the Finality of European Integration, Zielonka Jan, Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper 7/00, Symposium: Responses to Joschka Fischer.
  • Hill, Christopher, 1993. ‘The Capability–Expectations Gap or Conceptualizing Europe’s International Role’, Journal of Common Market Studies 31(3): 305–328.
  • Holbrooke, R., (1998). To End a War. New York, NY: Random House, 1998.
  • ICG, (2007). “Ensuring Bosnia's Future: A new international engagement strategy”, International Crisis Group, Europe Report N°180 – 15 February 2007.
  • Jarstad, Anna, (2006). “Dilemmas of War-to-Democracy Transitions”. The Paper prepared for presentation at the conference `State, Conflict, and Democracy`, 12-13 May 2006 at Lund University, Sweden.
  • Joseph, Edward, (2010), “Bosnia and Herzegovina”, in Western Balkans Policy Review, A Report of the CSIS Lavrentis Lavrentiadis Chair in Southeast European Studies, Center for Strategic and International Studies, September 2010.
  • Juncos, Ana, E., (2005), “The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or (re)Inventing the EU?”, in Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, pp. 88 – 108.
  • Kanin, David, (2011). “Western Balkans: Leveraging Weakness – Analysis”, Eurasia Review, November 9, 2011.
  • Kapetanovic, Amer, (2005). ”Izazovi proširenja EU”. In Bosna i Hercegovina od regionalnih integracija do Evropske Unije, ed. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Sarajevo, 7–48. Sarajevo.
  • Kim, Julie, (2008), “Bosnia: Overview of Current Issues”, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, June 16, 2008.
  • Kotonika, Mikel, (2011), “Waitlisted: The Western Balkans”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 5 2011.
  • Ladrech, Robert, (1994). “Europeanization of Domestic Politics and Institutions; the Case of France”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 32 (1). P. 69-88.
  • Mustonen, Jari, (2007), “Coordination and Cooperation on Tactical and Operational Levels: Studying EU-ESDP Crisis Management Instruments in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, CMC Finland Civilian Crisis Management Studies 1: 1/2008.
  • NOA, (2011). “Key Findings of the 2011 Progress Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina”, Agjencia Kombetare e Lajmere (NOA), October 12, 2011., available at http://www.noa.al/2011/10/key-findings-of-the-2011-progress-report-on-bosnia-andherzegovina
  • Noutcheva, Gergana, (2006), “EU Conditionality, State Sovereignty and the Compliance Patterns of Balkan States”, Centre for European Policy Studies, Paper prepared for the 3rd Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, European Consortium for Political Research, Bilgi University, Istanbul, 21-23 September 2006.
  • Pasic, Lana, (2011), The Dreams of One Nation? The Role of Political Leaders in Reconciliation and Nation-building in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Balkanalysis, March 17, 2011, available at http://www.balkanalysis.com/bosnia/2011/03/17/the-dreams-of-onenation-the-role-of-political-leaders-in-reconciliation-and-nation-building-in-bosnia-andherzegovina
  • Petritsch, Wolfgang, (1999). “Speech by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the Steering Board Ministerial Meeting, Sarajevo, 22 September 1999.
  • Petritsch, Wolfgang, (2006), “My lessons learnt in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, 9th International conference, Balkan Political Club, “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Crossing from Dayton’s to Brussels Phase and the Role of the International Community”, Sarajevo, 6 May 2006.
  • Radaelli, C. (2000) Wither Europeanisation? Concept stretching and substantive chance, European Integration Online Papers 3, no. 7, accessed online on February 5, 2011 at http://eiop.ot.at/eiop/comment/1999-007c.htm.
  • Revicon, (2011), Neiskoristenost IPA fondova u BiH, Revicon, 24.05.2011., available at http://www.revicon.info/novost/11703/Neiskoritenost-IPA-fondova-u-BiH.
  • Risse, Thomas, Cowles Maria, G., and Caporaso James, (2001). Europeanization and Domestic Change: Introduction, In Cowles et al., p. 1-20.
  • Schimmelfennig, F, and Sedelmeier, U, (2004), “Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy 11:4 August 2004: 669 – 687.
  • Sebastian, Sofia, (2009), “The Role of the EU in the Reform of Dayton in BosniaHerzegovina”, Ethnopolitics, Vol. 8, Nos. 3–4, 341–354, September-November 2009.
  • Sebastian, Sofia, (2011), “Breaking the Impasse: Constitutional Reform in Bosnia”, No. 69 – March 2011, FRIDE.
  • Solana, J, (2004), “The European Journey” London, UK: Institute for War and Peace Reporting: Balkan Crisis Report No. 493, April 22, 2004, available at www.iwpr.net.
  • Solana, Javier, (2009), “EU makes its mark on the world stage”, Guardian, 11 October 2009, www.guardian.co.uk.
  • SP, Stability Pact, (2001). “Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Stability Pact Regional Implementation Plan For South East Europe”, 28 November, 2001, available at http://www.stabilitypact.org.
  • Šuško, Dževada, (2009), “EU Enlargement and the Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Brief Historical Sketch”, in Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, No. 2, Spring 2009, International University of Sarajevo.
  • Tanner, Adam, (2011), “Bosnian Serb leader threat to stability: U.S. Cables”, in Reuters, April 2011.
  • Tirak, Goran, (2010). “The Bosnian Hiatus, A Story of Misinterpretations”, CEPS, Policy Brief, No. 219 / November, 2010.
  • Toje, Asle, (2008), “The Consensus–Expectations Gap: Explaining Europe’s Ineffective Foreign Policy”, Security Dialogue, Vol. 39(1): 121–141, 2008.
  • Topalova, Sofia, (2011). “Albania and Bosnia are Lagging Behind its Balkan Peers in EUrelated Reforms, Euinside, October 13, 2011.
  • Traynor, I., (2005). “Revealed: US Plans for Bosnian Constitution,” The Guardian, November 10, 2005.
  • Tuathail, Geraoid, (2006). “Bosnia-Herzegovina Ten Years after Dayton: Constitutional Change and Public Opinion”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2006, 47, No. 1, pp. 61-75.
  • Turkes, Mustafa, and Goksoz, Goksu, (2006). “The European Union strategy towards the Western Balkans: exclusion or integration?”, East European Politics and Societies, 20 (4), 2006, pp. 675-677.
  • Turkes, Mustafa, (2010), “Professor at the Department of International Relations, Middle East Technical University”, Personal Interview, April, 2010.
  • Vachudova, M. A., (2005). Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage, and Integration after Communism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Vucheva, Elitsa, (2008), “Bosnia signs EU pre-accession deal”, Euobserver, 17.06.2008.
  • Waterfield, B, (2010), “Baroness Ashton moves to take control of Bosnia”, in Telegraph, July 2010.
  • Zvijerac, Predrag, (2011). “Katastrofalne ocjene iz EU-a, BiH daleko najgora od svih”, 20 September 2011, Dnevni list.