İLİŞKİ NİTELİĞİ VE BAĞIŞLAMANIN MUTLULUK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Mutluluk, kişinin olumlu duyguları daha fazla, negatif duyguları daha az yaşaması ve yaşamından yüksek doyum alması olarak tanımlanır. İlişki niteliği, bir bireyin diğer bir bireye ya da bireylere karşı sergilediği davranışların bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bağışlama ise, insanların, rasyonel olarak haksızlığa uğradıklarını düşündüklerinde, öfke duymaktan ve karşı tepkilerden vazgeçerek, haksızlık yapan kişiye karşı merhamet, koşulsuz değer verme, cömertlik ve yardımseverlik temelinde tepki vermeleridir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilişki kalitesinin ve bağışlamanın ayrı ayrı ve birlikte mutluluğu ne derecede açıklayabildiğini saptamaktır. İlişkisel tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın evreni 18-60 yaş arası yetişkinlerdir. Araştırmada, Pierce Vd. (1991) tarafından geliştirilen “İlişki Niteliği Ölçeği, Thompson Vd. (2005) tarafından geliştirilen “Heartland Bağışlama Ölçeği” ve Hills ve Argyle (2002) tarafından geliştirilen Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada sonunda, mutluluğun yaklaşık yarısının ilişki kalitesi ile açıklanabildiği tespit edilmiştir. İlişki kalitesini oluşturan üç faktör mutluluğu açıklama gücü açısından değerlendirildiğinde, çatışma boyutunun ilk sırayı, derinlik boyutunun ise ikinci sırayı aldığı saptanmıştır. Bağışlama ise mutluluğun dörtte birini açıklayabilmektedir. Ayrıca ilişki niteliği ve bağışlamanın birlikte, mutluluğun yüzde 55’ini açıklayabildiği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak araştırma; insanların, ilişkilerinin kalitesi oranında mutlu olabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

THE INFLUENCE OF RELATIONSHIP QUALITY AND FORGIVENESS ON HAPPINESS

Happiness is described as; a state when a person experiencing positive emotions more, negative emotions less and having a high satisfactory life. A relationship quality is defined as; an individual’s behaviors as a whole, towards another individual or individuals people. Whereas, forgiveness means: when a person is observes that he/she has been treated rationally with injustice, they act to their offenders with a basis of mercy, unconditional value, generousness towards and help instead of feeling anger and revenge. The aim of this research is; to determine the effect levels of relationship quality and forgiveness on happiness, individually as well as together. This research was carried out by the use of, relationship scan model among adults who are 18 to 60 years old. In this research 3 instruments were used; “Relationship Quality Scale” that has was developed by Pierce et al., (1991), “Heartland Forgiveness Scale” that was developed by Thompson et al., (2005) and Hills and Argyle’s (2002) “Oxford Happiness Scale”. As a result of the research, it was determined; at least half of the person’s happiness can be explained by the individual’s quality of relationship. When the three factors of the quality of relationship were evaluated in terms of explaining their effect of happiness; dimension of conflict came first while dimension of depth came second. Forgiveness can explain 25 % of happiness. Also, quality of relationship and forgiveness were found to be effecting happiness 55 together. As a conclusion, this research proved that; quality of relationship can effect an individual’s happiness in direct proportion.

PDF

___

Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.

Argyle, M., ve Martin, M. (1991). The psychological causes of happiness. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, ve N. Schwarz (Eds.), International series in experimental social psychology, 21. Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective ,77-100. Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press.

Bao, K. (2012). The course of well-being in romantic relationships: Predicting positive affect in dating participants. Psychology, 3(12A), 1091–1099. http://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.312A161

Bartholomew, K ve Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment Styles Among Young adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 61 (2), 226–244.

Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497

Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J. ve Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, ve two dimensions of forgiveness. In Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research ve theological forgiveness, ed. Everett L. Worthington, Jr., 79-104. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.

Bergsma, A. (2008). Do self-help books help? Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 341-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9041-2

Berscheid, E., Snyder, M., ve Omoto, A. M. (1989). The Relationship Closeness Inventory: Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 57(5), 792-807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.792

Bradbury, Y. ve Lavner, J. (2011). How can we improve preventive ve education interventions for intimate relationships? Behaviour Therapy, 43(1), 113-122. DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.008

Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect ve prospect. In I. Bretherton ve F. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory ve research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2), 3-35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3333824

Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2010). A turkish version of heartlve forgiveness scale. Procedia Social ve Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390

Dickerhoof, R. M. (2007). Expressing optimism ve gratitude: A longitudinal investigation of cognitive strategies to increase well-being. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, 38-40, (UMI No. 3270426). http://gradworks.umi.com/32/70/3270426.html

DiDonato, T. E., McIlwee, L.J. ve Carlucci, M. E. (2014). The fallout of forgiveness: How forgiveness predicts third-party perceptions of the forgiver ve the forgiver’s relationships. Journal of Social ve Personal Relationships, 32(4), 417 – 440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514536291

Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness ve a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34

Diener, E. ve Tay, L. (2015), Subjective well‐being ve human welfare around the world as reflected in the Gallup World. Poll. Int J Psychol, 50(2), 135-149. doi:10.1002/ijop.12136

Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2012). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İncelenmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 25, 297-304. DOI: 10.5350/DAJPN2012250401

Dolan, P. (2014). Happiness by design: Change what you do, not how you think. New York: Hudson Stress Press.Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., ve Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319, 1687–1688. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5870/1687.full

Enfield, R. E. (2010). Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory. In The Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology (eds I. B. Weiner ve W. E. Craighead), 387-399. doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0964

Enright, R. D. ve Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger ve restoring hope. (2. Baskı), p. 20-21, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10381-000

Fincham, F. D., Paleari, F. G. ve Regalia, C. (2002), Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, ve empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27-37 doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00002

Fincham, F. D., Beach S. H. R. ve Davila J. (2007). Longitudinal Relations Between Forgiveness ve Conflict Resolution in Marriage. Journal of Family Psychology. 21(3), 542–545. DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.542

Fincham, F. D. ve Beach, S. R. (2010), Marriage in the New Millennium: A Decade in Review. Journal of Marriage ve Family, 72(3), 630-649. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00722.x

Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., ve Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 95,1045–1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013262

Frost, D. M. (2012). The narrative construction of intimacy ve affect in relationship stories: Implications for relationship quality, stability, ve mental health. Journal of Social ve Personal Relationships, 30(3), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512454463

Givertz, M., Woszidlo, A., Segrin, C. ve Knutson, K. (2013). Direct ve indirect effects of attachment orientation on relationship quality ve loneliness in married couples. Journal of Social ve Personal Relationships, 30(8), 1096 – 1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513482445

Hall, J. H., ve Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social ve Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621

Hills P, Argyle M. (2002). The Oxford happiness questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality ve Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6

Jasielska, D., Stolarski, M. ve Bilewicz, M. (2018). Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(8), 1227-1246, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118784204

Kamp Dush, C. M., Taylor, M. ve Kroeger, R. (2008). Marital happiness ve psychological well-being across the life course. Family Relations, 57 (2), 211–226. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00495.x

Layous, K., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The how, why, what, when, ve who of happiness: Mechanisms underlying the success of positive interventions. In J. Gruber ve J. T. Moskowitz (Eds.), Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides ve dark sides (pp. 473–495). New York: Oxford University Press.

Layous, K., Sweeny, K., Armenta, C. N., Na, S., Choi, I., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). The proximal experience of gratitude. PLOS ONE, 12(7), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179123

Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., ve Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803

Maltby, J., Day, L. ve Barber, L. (2005). Forgiveness ve happiness. the differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction between hedonic ve eudaimonic happiness, Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, 6(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-004-0924-9

Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., ve Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self ve others: A replication ve extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability ve general health. Personality ve Individual Differences, 30(5), 881-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00080-5

Maniaci, M. R. ve Reis, H. T. (2010). The Marriage of Positive Psychology ve Relationship Science: A Reply to Fincham ve Beach. Journal of Family Theory ve Review, 2(1), 47-53. doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00037.x

McShall, J. R. ve Johnson, M. D. (2015). The Association Between Relationship Quality ve Physical Health Across Racial ve Ethnic Groups, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(6), 789–804. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115587026

Murphy, J. G. ve Hampton, J. (1988). Forgiveness ve Mercy. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 194. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/21595694

Nelson, S. K., Della Porta, M. D., Jacobs Bao, K., Lee, H. C., Choi, I. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2015). ‘It’s up to you’: Experimentally manipulated autonomy support for prosocial behavior improves well-being in two cultures over six weeks. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 463-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.983959

Nelson, S. K., Fuller, J. A. K., Choi, I., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Beyond self-protection: Self-affirmation benefits hedonic ve eudaimonic well-being. Personality ve Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(8), 998– 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167214533389

Özbacı, N. (2011). İlişki Niteliği Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(162), 159-167

Philippe, F. L., Vallerve, R. J. ve Lavigne, G. L. (2009). Passion does make a difference in people's lives: A look at well‐being in passionate ve non‐passionate individuals. Applied Psychology. Health ve Well-Being, 1(1), 3-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2008.01003.x

Pierce, G. R., Sarason, I. G. ve Sarason, B. R. (1991) General ve Relationship Based Perceptions of Social Support: Are Two Constructs Beter Than One? Journal of Personality ve Social Psychology, 61(6), 1028-1039. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.6.1028

Quinodoz, J. (2012), The European annuals of the International Journal of Psychoanalysis: The benefits of linguistic diversity. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 93(1), 219-238. doi:10.1111/j.1745-8315.2011.00494.x

Rousseau, F. L. ve Vallerve, R. J. (2008). An examination of the relationship between passion ve subjective well-being in older adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev., 66(3), 195–211. DOI: 10.2190/AG.66.3.b

Safran, J. D. (1990). Towards a refinement of cognitive therapy in light of interpersonal theory: I. Theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(1), 87-105.

Santiago, J. C., Bucher-Maluschke, J. S., Alexvere, I. F. ve Branco, F. (2017). Attachment to Peers ve Perception of Attachment to Parents in Adults. Psychology, 8, 862-877. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2017.86056

Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., Gurung, R. A. R. (1997). Close personal relationships in health outcomes: A key to the role of social support. In Duck, S. (Ed.), Hvebook of personal relationships: Theory, research, ve interventions (2nd ed), 547-573. Chichester, UK: Wiley ve Sons

Scobie, E. ve Scobie, G. (1998), Damaging Events: The Perceived Need for Forgiveness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 28(4), 373-402. doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00081

Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Lambert, N. M., Crescioni, A. W., DeWall, C. N., ve Fincham, F. D. (2009). Alone ve without purpose: Life loses meaning following social exclusion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 686–694. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.007

Sutton, G. W. (2017). Review of the book Forgiveness Therapy: An empirical guide for resolving anger ve restoring hopeby, Robert D. Enright ve Richard P. Fitzgibbons. Journal of Psychology ve Christianity, 35, 368-370. https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4317358.aspx

Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C. ve Roberts, D. E. (2005), Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, ve Situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313-360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x

Van Laningham, J., Johnson, D. ve Amato, P. (2001). Marital happiness, marital duration, ve the u-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study. Social Forces, 79 (4), 1313–1341. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2675474

Veenhoven, R. (2010). Life is Getting Better: Societal Evolution ve Fit with Human Nature. Social Indicators Research. 97 (1), 105–122. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9556-0