Erol SARI, Namık ÇAĞATAY

11365

Sediment Core Studies on The North Anatolian Fault Zone in The Eastern Sea Of Marmara: Evidence of Sea Level Changes And Fault Activity

Sediment cores BUC-10A and İZ-30 located on the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), 12 km south of Büyükçekmece and İzmit Gulf in the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, respectively, were studied to investigate tectonics and paleo-oceanographic processes, using sedimentological and geochemical methods. Total inorganic carbon (TIC as total calcium carbonate) and total organic carbon (TOC) contents in core BUC-10A range between 12.1-34.3 and 0.5-4.1 dry wt. %, respectively. The organic matter-rich sapropel unit was identified between 1.60 and 2.43 m below sea floor (bsf) in this core. The concentration ranges of the metals in core BUC-10A were: Cr: 55-96, Cu: 21-37, Ni: 63 39-74, Mn: 345-693, Pb: 19-34, Zn: 79-143 ppm and Fe: 2.30-3.15 dry wt. %. The concentration ranges of TOC, TIC, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn in core İZ-30 were 0.40-1.70 %, 0.25-31%, 39-87 ppm, 13-32 ppm, %2.10-4.80, 18-41 ppm, 315-528 ppm, 7-21 ppm and 78-185 ppm, respectively. Chalcophile element (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in cores İZ-30 and BUC-10A give no evidence of hydrothermal activity. A debris flow characterized in core İZ-30 and dated 3276±48 a (calendar) before present (BP) was most likely triggered by tectonic activity in the İzmit Gulf. Sediments of 49.5 mbsf palaeoshoreline dated 9364±64 a BP was also identified in the same core from the İzmit Gulf. 
Keywords:

Sea of Marmara, Sea level change, North Anatolian Fault hydrothermal activity, submarine mass flow,

PDF

___

  • Abrajano, T., Aksu, A.E., Hiscott, R.N. and Mudie, P.J. 2002. Aspects of carbon isotope biogeo- chemistry of late Quaternary sediments from the Marmara Sea and Black Sea. Marine Geology, 190,151-164.
  • Aksu, A.E., Hiscott, R.N. and Yafiar, D. 1999. Oscillating Quaternary water levels of the Marmara Sea and vigorous outflow into the Aegean Sea from the Marmara Sea-Black Sea drainage corridor. Marine Geology, 153, 275- 302. , H., Abrajano, T. and Yafiar, D. 2002. Last glacial-Holocene palaeoceanography of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea: stable isotopic, foraminiferal and coccolith evidence. Marine Geology, 190, 119-149.
  • Alpar, B. 1999. Underwater signatures of the Kocaeli earthquake of 17 August 1999 in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 5, 111- 130.
  • Altİnok, Y. and Alpar, B. 2006. Marmara Island Earthquakes of 1265 and 1935; Turkey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 6, 999- 1006.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. 2002. The seismic activity of the Marmara Region over the last 2000 years. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 1-18. and Finkel, C.F. 1991. Long-term seismicity of İstanbul and of the Marmara Sea region. Terra, Oxford, 3, 527-539.
  • Başaran, S. 2002. Marmara Denizi'nde kütle hareketi kökenli depolarİn sedimentolojik özellikleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşlet- meciliği Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi 72 sayfa (unpublished).
  • Beck, C., Mercier de Lepinay, B., Schneider, J.-L., Cremer, M., Çağatay, N., Wendenbaum, E., Boutareaud, S., Menot- Combes, G., Schmidt, S., Weber, O., Eriş, K., Armijo, R., Meyer, B., Pondard, N., Gutcher, M.-A., Turon, J.L., Labeyrie, L., Cortijo, E., Gallet, Y., Bouquerel, H., Görür, N., Gervais, A., Castera, M.H., Londeix, L., de Resseguier, A. and Jaouen, A. 2007. Late Quaternary co-seismic sedimenta- tion in the Sea of Marmara's deep basins. Sedimentary Geology, 199 (1-2), 65-89.
  • Beşiktepe, T., Sur, H. I., Özsoy, E., Latif, M. A., Oğuz, T. and Ünlüata, U. 1994. The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 34, 285-334.
  • Bjerrum, L. 1971. Subaqueous slope failures in Norwegian fjords. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Bulletin, 88, 1-8.
  • Bourry, C., Chazallon, B., Charlou, J. L., Donval, J. P., Ruffine, L., Henry, P., Geli, L., Çağatay, M.N., İnan, S. and Moreau, M. 2009. Free gas and gas hydrates from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey Chemical and structural characterization. Chemical Geology, 264 (1-4),197-206.
  • Cita, M. B. and Rimoldi, B. 1997. Geological and geo- physical evidence for the Holocene tsunami deposit in the eastern Mediterranean deep-sea record. Journal of Geodynamics, 24 (1-4), 293
  • Cronan, D. S. and Hodkinson, R. A. 1997. Geo- chemistry of hydrothermal sediments from ODP Sites 834 and 835 in Lau Basin, Southwest Pasific. Marine Geology, 141, 237- 268.
  • DAMOC 1971. Master plan and feasibility report for water supply and sewerage for Istanbul region. Prepared by the DAMOC Consortium for WHO, Los Angeles, CA, vol. III, part II and III.
  • Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Le Pichon, X. and Şengör, A. M. C 2003. Investigation of the tectonics of the main Marmara Fault by means of deep- towed seismic data. Tectonophysics, 361,1-19.
  • Druitt, T. H., Mellors, R. A., Pyle, D. M. and Sparks, R. S. J. 1989. Explosive volcanism on Santorini, Greece. Geological Magazİne,126 (2), 95-126.
  • Elmas, K. E., Algan, O., Öngen, Ö. İ., Struck, U., Altenbach A. V., Sağular, E. K. and Nazik ., A 2008. Palaeoenvironmental investigation of sapropelic sediments from the Marmara Sea: A biostratigraphic approach to palaeoceano- graphic history during the Last Glacial-Holo- cene. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences,17, 129-168.
  • Eriş, K. K., Ryan, W. B. F., Çağatay, M. N., Sancar, U., Lericolais, G., Ménot, G. and Bard, E., 2007. The timing and evolution of the post-glacial transgression across the Sea of Marmara shelf south of İstanbul. Marine Geology 243, 57-76.
  • Fairbanks, R. G. 1989. A 17,000 - year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep- ocean circulation. Nature, 342, 637-642.
  • Gamberi, F., Marani, M. and Savelli, C. 1997. Tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal features of a sub- marine portion of the Aeolian arc (Tyrrhenian Sea). Marine Geology, 140, 167-181.
  • Gaudette, H.,Flight, W., Tanner, L. and Folger, D.W. 1974. An inexpensive titration method for the determination of organic carbon in recent sedi- ments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44, 249-253.
  • Geli, L.,Henry, P. , Zitter, T., Dupre, S., Tryon, M., Çağatay, M.N., Mercier de Lepinay B., Le Pichon, X. , Şengör , A. M. C., Görür, N., Natalin, B., Uçarkuş, G., Özeren, S., Volker, D., Gasperini, L., Burnard, P. and Bourlange, S. 2008. The Marnaut Scientific Party, 2008. Gas emissions and active tectonics within the submerged section of the North Anatolian Fault zone in the Sea of Marmara. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 274, 34-39.
  • Gökaşan, E., Alpar, B., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z.Y., Tok, B., Doğan, E., and Güneysu, C. 2001. Active tectonics of the İzmit Gulf (NE Marmara Sea): from high resolution seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data. Marine Geology, 175 (1-4), 271-294. ,Gazioğlu, C., Alpar, B., Yücel, Z. Y., Ersoy, Ş., Gündoğdu, O., Yaltİrak, C. and Tok, B. 2002. Evidences of NW extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Marmara Sea; a new approach to the 17 August 1999 Marmara Sea earthquake. Geo-Marine Letters, 21, 183 - 199.
  • Gökaşan, E., Ustaömer, T., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z.Y., Öztürk, K., Tur, H., Ecevitoğlu, B. and Tok, B. 2003. Active tectonics of the Marmara Sea. Morphotectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea inferred from multi-beam bathymetric and seismic data. Geo-Marine Letters, 23(1),19-33. , Algan, O., Tur, H., Meriç, E., Türker, A. and Şimşek, M. 2005. Delta formation at the southern entrance of İstanbul Strait (Marmara Sea, Turkey): a new interpretation based on high-resolution seismic stratigraphy. Geo- Marine Letters, 25, 370-377.
  • Gürbüz, C., Aktar, M., Eyidoğan, H., Cisternas, A., Haessler, H., Barka, A., Ergin, M., Türkelli, N., Polat, O., Üçer, S. B., Kuleli, S., Barİş, S., Kaypak, B., Bekler, T., Zor, E., Biçmen, F. and Yöruk, A. 2000. The seismotectonics of the Marmara Region (Turkey): results from a microseismic experiment. Tectonophysics, 316, 1-17.
  • Hampton, M. A. 1972. The role of subaqueous debris flow in generating turbidity currents: Journal of sedimentary Petrology, 42, 775-793. , Lee, H. J. and Locat, J. 1996. Submarine land- slides. Reviews of Geophysics, 34, 33-59.
  • Hebert, H.,Schindele, F., Altİnok, Y., Alpar, B. and Gazioğlu, C. 2005. Tsunami hazard in the Marmara Sea (Turkey): a numerical approach to discuss active faulting and impact on the İstanbul coastal areas. Marine Geology, 215, 23-43.
  • Hiscott, R. N. and Aksu, A. E. 2002. Late Quaternary history of the Marmara Sea and Black Sea from high-resolution seismic and gravity-core studies. Marine Geology, 190, 261-282.
  • Hodkinson, R. A. and Cronan, D. S. 1995. Hydrothermal sedimentation at ODP sites 834 and 835 in relation to crustal evolution of the Lau Backarc Basin. İn: Parson, L. M., Walker, C. L., Dixon, D. R., (Eds.), Hydrothermal vents and processes. The Geological Society of London, 87, 231-248
  • İmren, C., Le Pichon, X., Rangin, C., Demirbağ, E., Ecevitoğlu, B. and Görür, N. 2001. The North Anatolian Fault within the Sea of Marmara: a new interpretation based on multi-channel seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 186, 143-158.
  • Johnson, A. M. 1970. Physical Processes in Geology: San Francisco (Freeman, Cooper and Co) Calif., 577 p.
  • Kaminski, M. A., Aksu, A., Box, M., Hiscott, R.N., Filipescu, S. and Alsalameen, M. 2002. Late glacial to Holocene benthic foraminifera in the Marmara Sea: implications for Black Sea- Mediterranean Sea connections following the last deglaciation. Marine Geology, 190, 165
  • Kastens, K. A. and Cita, M. B.1981. Tsunami induced sediment transport in the Abyssal Medi- terranean Sea, Bulletin of Geological Society of America, 92, 845-857.
  • Krauskopf, K. B. 1985. Introduction to geochemistry, 2ndedition Mc Grawhill. Singapare, 617 p.
  • Kuhn, T., Burger, H., Castrodori, D. and Halbach, P. 2000. Volcanic and hydrothermal history of ridge segments near the Rodrigues Triple Junction (Central Indian Ocean) deduced from sediment geochemistry. Marine Geology, 169, 391-409.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A. 1993. Gas Hydrates-Geological Perspective and Global Change. Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 173-187.
  • Le Pichon, X., Şengör, A. M. C., Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Imren, C., Armijo, R., Görür, N., Çağatay, N., Mercier de Le´pinay, B., Meyer, B., Saatçİlar, R. and Tok, B. 2001. The active main Marmara Fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 192, 595-616.
  • Le Pichon, X., Chamot-Rooke, N., Rangin, C. ve Şengör, A. M. C. 2003. The North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (B4), 2179.
  • Lee, H. J., Chough, S. K. and Yoon, S. H. 1996. Slope- stability change from Late Pleistocene to Holocene in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea). Sedimentary Geology, 104, 39- 51.
  • Loring, D. H. and Rantala, R.T.T. 1992. Manual for the geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter. Earth- Science Reviews, 32, 235-283.
  • McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gurkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kahle, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Nadariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksöz, M. N. and Veis, G. 2000. Global positioning system constraints on plate kine- matics and dynamics in the Eastern Medi- terranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geo- physical Research, 105, 5695-5719.
  • Mc Hugh, C.M.G., Seeber, L., Cormier, M.-H., Dutton, J., Çağatay, M. N., Polonia, A., Ryan, W. B. F., and Görür, N. 2006. Submarine earthquake geology along the North Anatolia Fault in the Marmara Sea, Turkey: A model for transform basin sedimentation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248 (3-4), 661-684. , Gurung D., Giosan L., Ryan W. B. F., Mart Y., Sancar U., Burckle L. and Çağatay, M. N. 2008. The last reconnection of the Marmara Sea (Turkey) to the World Ocean: A paleoceano- graphic and paleoclimatic perspective. Marine Geology, 255, 64-82.
  • Meade, B. J., Hager, B. H., McClusky, S. C., Reilinger, R. E., Ergintav, S., Lenk, O., Barka, A. and Özener, H. 2002. Estimates of seismic potential in the Marmara Sea region from block models of secular deformation constrained by global positioning system measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92 (1), 208-215.
  • Meriç, E, Yanko, V. and Avşar, N., 1995. İzmit Körfezi (Hersek Burnu-Kaba Burun) Kuvaterner istifinin foraminifer faunasİ. İzmit Körfezi Kuvaterner İstifi, (Ed. Meriç, E.), 105-151, İstanbul. and Suner, F., 1995. İzmit Körfezi (Hersek Burnu-Kaba Burun) Kuvaterner istifinde gözle- nen termal veriler. İzmit Körfezi Kuvaterner isti- fi (Ed. E. Meriç), 81-90, İstanbul.
  • Middleton, G. V. and Hampton, M. A., 1973. Sediment gravity flows: mechanics of flow and deposi- tion. In: Middleton, G. V., Bouma. A. H. (Eds.), Turbidites and Deep - Water Sedimentation. Pacific section Society of Economic Paleon- tologists and Mineralogists, Los Angeles CA, 1- 38.
  • Newman, K. R., 2003. Using Submerged Shorelines to Constrain Recent Tectonics in the Marmara Sea, Northwestern Turkey, Department of Geology, Senior Thesis, Smith College 49 p (unpuldished).
  • Okay, A. I., Kaşlİlar-Özcan, A., İmren, C., Boztepe- Güney, A., Demirbağ, E., and Kuşçu, İ., 2000. Active faults and evolving stike-slip basins in the Marmara Sea, northwest Turkey: a multi- channel seismic reflection study. Tecto- nophsics, 321, 189-218.
  • Patzold, J., Halbach, P. E., Hempel, G. and Weikert, H., 2000. Ostliches Mittelmeer-Nordliches Rotes Meer 1999. Cruise No. 44, 22 January- 16 May 1999. Meteor Berichte 00-3, Universitat Hamburg, 240 p.
  • Polonia, A., Cormier, M. H., Çağatay, N., Bortoluzzi, G., Bonatti, E., Gasperini, L., Seeber, L., Görür, N., Capotondi, L., Mc Hugh, C., Ryan, W. B.F., Emre, Ö., Okay, N., Ligi, M., Tok, B., Blasi, A., Busetti, M., Eriş, K., Fabretti, P., Fielding, E. J., İmren, C., Kurt, H., Magagnoli, A., Morazzi, G., Özer, N., Penitenti, D., Serpi, G. and Sarİkavak, K. 2002. Exploring submarine Earthquake Geology in the Marmara Sea. Eos, Transactİons. American Geophysical Union, 83 (21), 235-236.
  • Polonia, A., Gasperini, L., Amorosi, A., Bonatti, E., Bortoluzzi, G., Çağatay, M. N., Capotondi, L., Cormier, M. H., Görür, N., Mc Hugh, C. M. G. and Seeber, L. 2004. Holoceneslip rate of the North Anatolian Fault beneath the Sea of Marmara. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 227, 411-426.
  • Rangin, C., Demirbağ, E., İmren, C., Crusson, A., Normand, A., Le Drezen, E. and Le Bot, A. 2001. Marine Atlas of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey). 11 plates and 1 booklet. Special pub- lication (ISBN 2-84433-068-1) by IFREMER Technology Center, Brest, France. , Le Pichon, X., Demirbağ, E. and İmren, C. 2004. Strain localization in the Sea of Marmara: propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in a now inactive pull-apart. Tectonics, 23, 1-18.
  • Sarİ E., 2004. The seaching of the fault activity by sediment geochemistry and sedimentology methods in the east of Marmara Sea. İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 166 sayfa (unpub- lished). and Çağatay N. 2006. Turbidites and their association with past earthquakes in the deep Çİnarcİk Basin of the Marmara Sea. Geo- Marine Letters, 26, 69-76.
  • Shanmugam, G., Bloch, R. B., Mitchell, S. M., Beamish, G. W. J., Hodgkinson, R. J., Damuth, J. E., Straume, T., Syvertsen, S. E. and Shields, K. E. 1995. Basin - floor fans in the North Sea: sequence - stratigraphic models vs. sedimentary facies. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 79, 477-512.
  • Siani, G., Paterne, M., Arnold, M., Bard, E., Metivier, B., Tisnerat, N. and Bassinot, F. 2000. Radio- carbon reservoir ages in the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Radiocarbon, 42, 271-280.
  • Stuiver, M. and Braziunus, T., 2003. Modelling atmos- pheric 14C influences and 14C ages of Marine Samples to 10,000 B.C. Radiocarbon, 35, 215- 230.
  • Tessier, A., Cambell, P.G.C. and Bisson, M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the specia- tion of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844-850.
  • Tinti, S., Armigliato, A., Manucci, A., Pagnoni, G., Zaniboni, F., Yalçİner, A.C and Altİnok, Y. 2006. The generating mechanisms of the August 17, 1999 İzmit Bay (Turkey) tsunami: Regional (tectonic) and local (mass instabilities) causes. Marine Geology, 225, 311-330.
  • Tolun, L., Çağatay, N. and Carrigan, W. J. 2002. Organic Geochemistry and Origin of Late Glacial-Holocene Sapropelic Layers and Associated Sediments in Marmara Sea. Marine Geology, 190, 47-60.
  • Ünlüata, Ü., Oğuz, T., Latif, M. A. and Özsoy, E. 1990. On the physical oceanography of the Turkish Straits. In: The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits Pratt, L.J. (Ed.) NATO/ASI Series, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 25-60.
  • Wisenam, W. J. Jr., Fan, Y. B., Bornhold, B.D., Keller, G.H., Su, Z. Q., Prior, D. B., Yu, Z. X., Wright, L. D., Wang, F. Q. and Quian, Q. Y. 1986. Suspended sediment advection by tidal cur- rents off the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta. Geo-Marine Letters, 6, 107-113.
  • Yaltİrak, C. 2002. Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Marine Geology, 190(1-2), 493-529.
  • Zitter, T.A.C.,. Henry, P., Aloisi, G., Delaygue, G., Çağatay, M.N., Mercier de Lepinay B., Al- Samir, M., Fornacciari, F., Tesmer, M., Pekdeğer, A., Wallmann, K. and Lericolais, G. 2008. Cold seeps along the main Marmara Fault in the Sea of Marmara Turkey. Deep-Sea Research I, 55, 552-570.
Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 0026-4563
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 1950
  • Yayıncı: Cahit DÖNMEZ
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Omid ASGHARI, Ardeshir HEZARKHANI

Selim ARSLAN, Uğur AKIN, Atakan ALACA

M. Kemal REVAN, Taner ÜNLÜ, Yurdal GENÇ

Erol SARI, Namık ÇAĞATAY

İlhan SÖNMEZ