İbrahim ÇEŞMELİ, Abdisabur RAİMKULOV, Hande GÜNÖZÜ ULUSOY

8913

Arkeolojik Çalışmalar Işığında Yerkurgan Merkez Tapınağı Ve Zerdüştçülük Tapınak Mimarisi

Bu makalede, Orta Asya’nın Güney Sogdiana Bölgesi Kaşkaderya Nehri yakınında Demir Çağı’nda gelişmiş Yerkurgan Şehir Harabesi’nde Özbek ve Türk bilim adamlarının ortaklığında 2018 yılında gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik kazı çalışmalarından elde edilen veriler değerlendirildi. Tarihi Buhara- Nahşeb (Nesef) şehirleri arasında İpek Yolu üzerinde bulunan Orta Asya’nın en eski ve büyük şehirlerinden biri olan Yerkurgan Şehir Harabesi’nin ortasında gün yüzüne çıkarılan Merkez Tapınağı kalıntısı muhtemelen Zerdüştçülük ile bağlantılı su-nehir ve ateş ilahlarına adanmıştı. Muhtemelen tapınak ilk yapıldığında merkezi planlı iken sonradan üzerinde ateş altarı bulunan kutsal açık hava platformuna dönüştürüldü. Büyük Merkez Tapınağı ile yanındaki küçük Doğu Tapınağı ve aralarındaki açık hava dinsel törenlerinde kullanılan ateş altarı kaidesi, Pencikent tapınakları gibi Zerdüştçülük inancı ile bağlantılı resmi dinsel bir kompleks oluşturmaktaydı. Bu dinsel kompleks muhtemelen Geç Antik Çağ’da oluşmuştur. Muhtemelen tapınaklar öncesinde şehrin ortası kutsal bir alandı ve burada ateş kültü ile bağlantılı açık hava resmi dinsel törenleri yapılmaktaydı.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Özbekistan, Orta Asya, Sogdiana, Zerdüştçülük, Tapınak

Yerkurgan Central Temple in the Light of Archeological Works and Zoroastrianism Temple Architecture

In this article, the data obtained from the archaeological excavations carried out in 2018 with the partnership of Uzbek and Turkish scientists in the Yerkurgan City Ruin, developed in the Iron Age, near the Kashkadarya River in the South Sogdiana Region of Central Asia were evaluated. The ruin of the Central Temple, unearthed in the middle of Yerkurgan City Ruin, one of the oldest and largest cities in Central Asia, located on the Silk Road between the historical cities of Bukhara- Nahsheb (Nasaf), was probably dedicated to the water-river and fire deities associated with Zoroastrianism. Probably, the temple was centrally planned when it was first built, but later it was converted into a sacred open-air platform with an altar of fire. The Great Central Temple and the small Eastern Temple next to it, and the altar base used in open-air religious ceremonies between them, formed an official religious complex associated with Zoroastrianism, like the Penjikent temples. This religious complex was probably formed in Late Antiquity. Presumably, before the temples, the middle of the city was a sacred space, where open-air official religious ceremonies associated with the cult of fire were held.
Keywords:

Uzbekistan, Central Asia, Sogdiana, Zoroastrianism, Temple.,

PDF

___

  • Ammianus Marcellinus 1894 Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, Trans. C. D. Yonge, George Bell & Sons, London, 1894.
  • Anarbaev-Maksudov 2007 A. A. Anarbaev - F. A. Maksudov, Drevniy Margilan, Fan, Akademii Nauk Respubliki Uzbekistan, 2007.
  • Askarov-Shirinov 1994 A. Askarov-T. Shirinov, “The ‘Palace’, Temple, and Necropolis of Jarkutan”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8, 1994, 13-25.
  • Bernard 1969 P. Bernard, “Quatrième campagne de fouilles à Aï Khanoum (Bactriane)”, Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 113/3, 1969, 313-355.
  • Bernard 1970 P. Bernard, “Campagne de fouilles 1969 à Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan”, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 114/02, 1970, 301-349.
  • Bernard 1976 P. Bernard, “Campagne de Fouilles 1975 a Ai Khanoum (Afghanistan)", Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 120/02, 1976, 287-322.
  • Bernard 2008 P. Bernard, “The Greek Colony at Ai Khanum and Hellenism in Central Asia”, Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, Ed. F. Hiebert, P.Cambon, National Geographic Society, Washington, 2008, 81-130.
  • Besenval-Francfort 1994 R. Besenval-H. P. Francfort, “The Nad-i Ali ‘Surkh Dagh’: A Bronze Age Monumental Platform in Central Asia?”, From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South And West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales, Jr., Ed. J. M. Kenoyer, Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 4, Madison, 1994.
  • Besenval-Marquis 2008 R. Besenval-P. Marquis, “Les Travaux de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Afghanistan (DAFA): Résultats des Campagnes de l’automne 2007-Printemps 2008 en Bactriane et à Kaboul”. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 152/3, 2008, 973-995.
  • Betts-Yagodin 2007 A.V.G. Betts - V. N.Yagodin, “The Fire Temple of Tash-k’irman Tepe, Chorasmia”, After Alexander Central Asia Before Islam, Ed. J. Cribb, G. Herrmann, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007, 435-453.
  • Boucharlat 2014 R. Boucharlat, “Fire Altars and Fire Temples in the First Millennia BC/AD in the Iranian World: Some Remarks”, Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 30 April-4 May 2012, University of Warsaw, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2014, 7-25.
  • Boyce 1975a M. Boyce, “Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 95/3, 1975, 454-465.
  • Boyce 1975b M. Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 1, E.J.Brill, Leiden-Köln, 1975.
  • Boyce 1982 M. Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 2, E.J.Brill, Leiden-Köln, 1982.
  • Boyce 1989 M. Boyce, “Ātaškada”, Encyclopaedia Iranica III/1, 1989, 9-10.
  • Boyce-Grenet 1991 M. Boyce-F. Grenet, A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol.3. E.J.Brill, Leiden, 1991.
  • Boyce 2007 M. Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs And Practices, Routledge, London, 2007.
  • Burstein 1978 M. S. Burstein, The Babyloniaca of Berossus, Undena Publication, Malibu, 1978.
  • Canepa 2013 M. P. Canepa, “The Transformation of Sacred Space, Topography, And Royal Ritual in Persia And the Ancient Iranian World”, Heaven on Earth Temples, Ritual, and Cosmic Symbolism in the Ancient World, Ed. E. Ragavan, Chicago, 2013, 319-372.
  • Canepa 2015 M. P. Canepa, “Seleukid Sacred Architecture, Royal Cult and the Transformation of Iranian Culture in the Middle Iranian Period”, Iranian Studies 48/1, 2015, 71-97.
  • Chosky 2007 J. K.Chosky, “Reassessing the Material Contexts of Ritual Fires in Ancient Iran”, Iranica Antiqua XLII, 2007, 229-269.
  • Cicero 1998 Cicero, The Republic and The Laws, Trans. N. Rudd, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.
  • Cribb 1996 J. Cribb, “A new Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great”, pt. 2: “The Rabatak Inscription, Its Historical Implication and Numismatic Context”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology, 4, 1996, 98-142.
  • Çeşmeli 2010 İ. Çeşmeli, “Budist Mimarisi’nin Orta Asya’daki Gelişimi”, Mimarlık & Dekorasyon 196/04, 2010, 76-84.
  • Çeşmeli-Raimkulov 2013 İ. Çeşmeli-A. Raimkulov, "Özbekistan-Türkiye Uluslararası Arkeolojik Çalışmalar Projesi: Özbekistan’da Yerkurgan Merkez Tapınağı 2013 Yılı Arkeolojik Kazı Çalışması”, Türkiyat Mecmuası 23, 2013, 241-248.
  • Çeşmeli- Günözü Ulusoy- Raimkulov 2016 İ. Çeşmeli - H. Günözü Ulusoy - A. Raimkulov, “Sogdianada Yeni Arkeolojik Keşifler: Yalpak Tepe Sarayı ve Yerkurgan Merkez Tapınağındaki Arkeolojik Çalışmalar (Kaşkaderya-Özbekistan/2003-2013)”, Art-Sanat 6, 2016, 11-83.
  • Çeşmeli-Raimkulov-Günözü Ulusoy 2019 İ. Çeşmeli-A.Raimkulov-H. Günözü Ulusoy, “Yerkurgan Merkez Tapınağı Arkeolojik Kazı ve Konservasyon Çalışması (Özbekistan/Kaşkaderya)”, Belleten LXXXIII/ 298, 2019, 807-815.
  • Darmesteter 1880 J. Darmesteter, The Zend-Avesta: The Vendidad, Part I, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1880.
  • Darmesteter 1883 J. Darmesteter, The Zend-Avesta:The Sirozahs, Yasts, And Nyayis, Part II, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1883.
  • Dieulafoy 1892 M. A. Dieulafoy, L'Acropole de Suse: D'Après les Fouilles Exécutées en 1884, 1885, 1886, Sous les Auspices du Musée du Louvre, Quatrième Partie, Librairie Hachette, Paris, 1892.
  • Doniger 1981 W. Doniger, The Rig Veda, Penguin Books, London, 1981.
  • Ghirshman 1976 R.Ghırshman, Terrasses Sacrées de Bard-è Néchandeh et Masjid-i Solaiman, I, Paris, 1976.
  • Grenet 2012 F. Grenet, “Mary Boyce’s Legacy to Archaeologists”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 22, 2012, 29-46.
  • Grenet 2015a F. Grenet, “Zoroastrianism Among the Kushans”, Kushan Histories. Literary Sources and Selected Papers from a Symposium held at Berlin, December 5 to 7, 2013, Ed. H. Falk, Hempen Verlag, Bremen, 2015, 203-239.
  • Grenet 2015b F. Grenet “Zoroastrianism in Central Asia”, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, Ed. M. Stausberg, Y. Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina, A. Tessmann, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,Chicester, 2015, 129-146.
  • Gritsina 2011 Gritsina A. “Uzbekistan”, Prominent Archaeological Sites of Central Asia on the Great Silk Road, Ed. K. Baipakov, Sh. Pidayev, IICAS, Samarkand, 2011, 86-120.
  • Gullini 1964 G. Gullini, Architettura Iranica dagli Achemenidi ai Sasanidi: Il “Palazzo” di Kuh-i Khwagia (Seistan), Giulio Einaudi, Torino, 1964.
  • Gureviç 1990 L. V. Gureviç, “K İnterpretatsii Pendjikentskih ‘Kapell’ ”, Kulturnıe Svyazi Narodov Sredney Azii i Kavkaza, Nauka, Moskva, 1990, 67-89.
  • Hard 2004. R. Hard, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology, Routledge, London-New York, 2004.
  • Hmelnitskiy 2000 S. Hmelnitskiy, Mejdu Kuşanami i Arabami, Gamajun, Berlin-Riga, 2000.
  • Herodotus 1920. Herodotus, The Persian Wars, Vol. I, Books 1-2, Trans. A. D. Godley, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1920.
  • Herzfeld 1941 E. E. Herzfeld, Iran in the Ancient East, Oxford University Press, London-New York, 1941.
  • Hine 2005 D. Hine, Works of Hesiod And the Homeric Hymns, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago-London, 2005.
  • Hintze 2013 A. Hintze, “Words Without Context: The Gathas Between Two Worlds”, The Everlasting Flame: Zoroastrianism in History and Imagination, Ed. S. Stewart, I.B. Tauris, London-New York, 2013, 2-9.
  • Hopkins 1968 C. Hopkins , “The Megaron of the Mycenaean Palace”, Studi Micenea ed Egeo-Anatolici 6, 1968, 45-53.
  • Isidore of Charax 1914 Isidore of Charax, Parthian Stations, Trans. W. H. Schoff, The Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, 1914.
  • Khojaeva 2013 N.D. Khojaeva, “The Oxus Temple: Localization of the Avestan Vahvi Daitya”, Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 41/1, 2013, 114-120.
  • King-Thompson 1907 L. W. King - R. C. Thompson, The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistun in Persia, Oxford University Press, London, 1907.
  • Košelenko-Lapšin-Novikov 2000 G. A. Košelenko-A. G. Lapšin-S. V. Novikov, “The Mansur-Depe Excavations of 1986-1987”, Parthica 2, 2000, 87-123. Kreyenbroek 2013 .
  • P. G. Kreyenbroek, “Zoroastrianism As An Imperial Religion Under The Achaemenis And Sasanians”, The Everlasting Flame: Zoroastrianism in History and Imagination, Ed. S. Stewart, I. B. Tauris, London-New York, 2013, 10-17.
  • Kruglikova-Pugaçenkova 1977 I. T.Kruglikova-G. A.Pugaçenkova, Dilberdjin (Raskopki 1970-1973 gg.), Nauka, Moskva, 1977.
  • Le Bruyn 1737 M. C. Le Bruyn, Travels in to Muscovy, Persia And Part of the East-Indies, Vol. II, London, 1737.
  • Lecuyot 2003 G. Lecuyot, “Ai Khanum Reconstructed”, After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam, Ed. J. Cribb, G. Herrmann, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003, 155-162.
  • Litvınskii- Pichikian 1994 B. A. Litvinskii - I. R. Pichikian, “The Hellenistic Architecture And Art of Temple of the Oxus”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8, 1994, 47-66.
  • Litvinskii- Pichikian 2002 B. A. Litvinskii - I. R. Pichikian, Taxt-i Sangin Der Oxus-Tempel, Philipp Von Zabern, Mainz, 2002.
  • Marshak- Raspopova 1990 B. I. Marshak-V. I. Raspopova, “Wall Paintings From A House With A Granary Panjikent, 1st Quarter of the Eight Century A.D.”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 1, 1990, 123-176.
  • Marsak 1990 B.Marsak, “Les fouilles de Pendjikent”, Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 134/1, 1990, 286-313.
  • Marşak- Raspopova-Şkoda 1999 B. İ. Marşak-V. İ. Raspopova, - V. G. Şkoda, Otçet o Raskopkah Gorodişça Drevnego Pendjikenta v 1998 Godu, Sankt-Peterburg, 1999.
  • Naumann 1977 Naumann, R. Die Ruinen von Tacht-e Suleiman und Zendan-e Suleiman und Umgebung, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, 1977.
  • Omel’chenko 2012 A. V. Omel’chenko, “On the Question of Sasanian Presence in Sogdiana. Recent Results of Excavations at Paykand”, Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology7, 2012, 79-107.
  • Pavçinskaya 1983 L. V. Pavçinskaya, “Ossuariy iz Mullakurgana”, Obşestvennıe Nauki v Uzbekistane 3, 1983, 46-49.
  • Pausanias 1926 Pausanias, Description of Greece, Vol. II, Books III-V, Trans. W.H.S. Jones, H.A.Ormerod, William Heinemann, London, 1926.
  • Pidaev 1974 Ş. R. Pidaev, “Materialı K İzuçeniyu Drevnih Pamyatnikov Severnoy Baktrii”, Drevnyaya Baktriya, Ed.: V. M. Masson, Nauka, Leningrad, 1974, 32-42.
  • Pugaçenkova-Rtveladze 1978 G. A. Pugaçenkova-E. V. Rtveladze, Dalverzintepe-Kuşanskiy Gorod na Yuge Uzbekistane, Fan, Taşkent, 1978.
  • Pugaçenkova 1987 G. A.Pugaçenkova, İz Hudojestvennoy Sokrovişçnitsı Srednego Vostoka, Literaturı i İskusstva İmeni Gafura Gulyama, Taşkent, 1987 Pugaçenkova 1989 G. A. Pugaçenkova, Drevnosti Miankalya, Fan, Taşkent, 1989.
  • Pugaçenkova 1996 G. A. Pugaçenkova, “The Antiquities of Transoxiana in the Light of Investigations in Uzbekistan (1985-1990)”, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2/1, 1996, 1-38.
  • Pulatov 1977 U. P. Pulatov, “Dom Ogniya’ v Ustrşane”, Rannesrednevekovaya Kultura Srednei Azii i Kazahstana, Duşanbe, 1977, 77-79.
  • Quintus Curtius 1946 Quintus Curtius, History of Alexander, Vol. I, Books I-V, Trans. J. C. Rolfe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1946.
  • Rapen-Hаsаnоv 2013 K. Rapen-M. Hаsаnоv, “Sakralnaya Arhitektura Tsentralnoy Azii s Ahemenidskogo Perioda po Ellinistiçeskuyu Epohu: Mejdu Lokalnımi Traditsiyami i k Kulturnım Transferom”, Kulturnıy Transfer na Perekrestkah Tsentralnoy Azii: Do,Vo Vremya i Posle Velikogo Şelkovogo Puti, Mitsai, Parij-Samarkand, 2013, 42-58.
  • Rapin 2007 C. Rapin, “Nomads And the Shaping of Central Asia: from the Early Iron Age to the Kushan Period”, After Alexander. Central Asia before Islam, Ed. J. Cribb, G. Herrmann, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, 29-72.
  • Raspopova 1990 V. İ. Raspopova, Jilişça Pendjikenta, Nauka, Leningrad, 1990.
  • Roaf-Stronach 1973 M. Roaf-D.Stronach, “Tepe Nūsh-i Jān, 1970: Second Interim Report”, British Institute of Persian Studies 11, 1973, 129-140.
  • Rosenfield 1967 J. M. Rosenfield, The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1967.
  • Sarianidi 1990 V. Sarianidi, “Togolok 21, An Indo-Iranian Temple in the Karakum”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4, 1990, 159-165.
  • Sarianidi 1994 V. Sarianidi, “Temples of Bronze Age Margiana: Traditions of Ritual Architecture”, Antiquity 68, 1994, 388-397.
  • Scerrato 1966 U. Scerrato, “Excavations at Dahan-i Ghulaman (Seistan-Iran) First Preliminary Report (1962-1963)”, East and West 16/1-2, 1966, 9-30.
  • Schippmann 1971 K. Schippmann, Die Iranischen Feuerheiligtümer, De Gruyter, Berlin-New York, 1971.
  • Schlumberger 1953 D. Schlumberger, “Surkh Kotal: A Late Hellenistic Temple in Bactria”, Archaeology 6/4, 1953, 232-238.
  • Schlumberger 1955 D. Schlumberger, “Surkh Kotal in Bactria”, Archaeology 8/2, 1955, 82-87.
  • Schlumberger 1959 D. Schlumberger, “Surkh Kotal”, Antiquity 33, 1959, 81-86.
  • Schlumberger-Le Berre-Fussman 1983 D. Schlumberger-M. Le Berre-G. Fussman, Surkh Kotal en Bactriane, Vol.1, De Boccard, Paris, 1983.
  • Schmidt 1953 E. F.Schmidt, Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1953.
  • Schmidt 1970 E. F.Schmidt, Persepolis III: The Royal Tombs and Other Monuments, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970.
  • Semenov 1998 Semenov, G. L., “Excavations at Paikend”, The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia, Ed. V. S.Curtis, R. Hillenbrand, J. M.Rogers, I.B.Tauris, London-New York, 1998, 111-121.
  • Shenkar 2007 M. Shenkar, “Temple Architecture in the Iranian World Before the Macedonian Conquest”, Iran and the Caucasus 11, 2007, 169-194.
  • Shenkar 2011 M. Shenkar, “Temple Architecture in the Iranian World in the Hellenistic Period”, From Pella to Gandhāra: Hybridisation and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East, Ed. A. Kouremenos, S. Chandrasekaran, R. Rossi, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2011, 117–139.
  • Shenkar 2014 M. Shenkar, Intangible Spirits and Graven Images: The Iconography of Deities in the Pre-Islamic Iranian World, Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2014.
  • Shenkar 2017 M. Shenkar, “The Religion and the Pantheon of the Sogdians (5th–8th centuries CE) in Light of their Sociopolitical Structures”, Journal Asiatique 305/2, 2017, 191-209.
  • Shkoda 1996 V. G. Shkoda, “The Sogdian Temple: Structure and Rituals”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series 10, 1996, 195-206.
  • Shkoda 1998 V. G. Shkoda, “Iranian Traditions in Sogdian Temple Architecture”, The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia, Ed. V. S. Curtis, R. Hillenbrand, J. M. Rogers, I. B. Tauris, London-New York, 1998, 122-132.
  • Sims-Williams 1996 N. Sims-Williams, “A new Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great,” pt. 1: “The Rabatak Inscription, Text and Commentary”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 4, 1996, 77–97.
  • Sims-Williams 2012 N. Sims-Williams, “Bactrian Historical Inscriptions of the Kushan Period”, The Silk Road 10, 2012, 76-80.
  • Stavisky 1993/1994 B. J. Stavisky, “The Fate of Buddhism in Middle Asia -in the Light of Archaeological Data-“, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3, 1993/1994, 113-142.
  • Strabo 1930 Strabo, Geography, Vol. VII, Books 15-16, Trans.: H. L. Jones, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1930.
  • Stronach 1965 D. Stronach, “Excavations at Pasargadae: Third Preliminary Report”, British Institute of Persian Studies 3, 1965, 9-40.
  • Stronach 1966 D. Stronach, “The Kūh-i-Shahrak Fire Altar”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 25/04, 1966, 217-227.
  • Stronach 1985 D. Stronach, “On the Evolution of the Early Iranian Fire Temple”, Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, Acta Iranica 25, Ed. J. Duchesne-Guillemin, P. Lecoq, Vol. 2., E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, 605-627.
  • Suleymanov 1987 R. H. Suleymanov, “Hramovıy Kompleks Erkurgana, Predvaritelnıe Rezultatbı İzuçeniya”, Gorodskaya Kultura Baktrii-Toharistana i Sogda, Fan, Taşkent, 1987, 135-143.
  • Suleymanov 1989 R. H. Suleymanov, “Obsçestvennıe Soorujeniya Erkurgana Osevogo Kompozitsionno-Planirovoçnogo Tipa”, Kultura Srednego Vostoka Grado-Stroitelstvo i Arhitektura, Taşkent, 1989, 25-34.
  • Suleymanov 2000 R. H. Suleymanov, Drevniy Nahşab, Samarkand-Taşkent, 2000.
  • Suleymanov 2004 R. H. Suleymanov, Nahşab-Taynı Zabıtoy Tsivilizatsii, Mabnaviyat, Taşkent, 2004.
  • Suleimanov 2006 R. Kh. Suleimanov, “Karshi-Nasaf-Nakhshab in World Civilization System”, The Role of Karshi in the History of World Civilization, Ed. D. A. Alimova, Fan, Taşkent-Karşi, 2006, 24-29.
  • Širinov 2003 Š. T. Širinov, Die Frühurbane Kultur der Bronzezeit im Südlichen Mittelasien: Die Vorgeschichtliche Siedlung Dzarkutan, Dietrich Reimer Verlag Gmbh, Berlin, 2003.
  • Şkoda 2009 V. G. Şkoda, Pendjkentskie Hramı i Problemı Religii Sogda (V-VIII vv.), Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaja, Sankt-Peterburg, 2009.
  • Tolman 1908a H. C. Tolman, Ancient Persian Lexicon and Texts, American Book Company, New York, 1908.
  • Tolman 1908b H. C. Tolman, The Behistan Inscription of King Darius, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 1908.
  • Tissot 2006 F. Tissot, Catalogue of the National Museum of Afghanistan 1931–1985, , Unesco Publishing, Paris, 2006.
  • West 1880 E. W. West, Pahlavi Texts: The Bundahis, Bahman Yast, And Shayast La-Shayast, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1880.
  • Xenophon 2001 Xenophon, The Education of Cyrus, Trans. W. Ambler, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2001.
  • Yakupov-Mukimov 2011 Y. Yakupov-R. Mukimov, “Tajikistan”, Prominent Archaeological Sites of Central Asia on the Great Silk Road, Ed.: K. Baipakov, Sh. Pidayev, IICAS, Samarkand, 2011, 49-69.
  • Yamamoto 1979 Y. Yamamoto, “The Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire in Archaeology and Literature (I)”, Orient 15, 1979 19-53.
  • Yamamoto 1981 Y. Yamamoto, “The Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire in Archaeology and Literature (II)”, Orient 17, 1981 67-104.
Lycus Dergisi-Cover
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2020
  • Yayıncı: Pamukkale Üniversitesi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Phrygia Hierapolisi’nde Helenistik ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemleri İon Mimarisi: Mimari modeller, şemalar ve stiller

Sara BOZZA

Lamos Vadisi’nden Üç Taş Köprü

İlkay GÖÇMEN

Arkeolojik Çalışmalar Işığında Yerkurgan Merkez Tapınağı Ve Zerdüştçülük Tapınak Mimarisi

İbrahim ÇEŞMELİ, Abdisabur RAİMKULOV, Hande GÜNÖZÜ ULUSOY

Karia Stratonikeia Territoriumu’ndan Figürlü Mangal Tutaçları

Bilal SÖĞÜT, Nihal DURNAGÖLÜ