ERNEST SOSA’DA HAYVANİ BİLGİ VE TEFEKKÜRİ BİLGİ

Bu makalede çağdaş erdem epistemolojisinin kurucusu olarak görülen Ernest Sosa'nın en çok bilinen görüşlerinden olan hayvani bilgi ve tefekküri bilgi ayrımını inceliyorum. Bilgi ve gerekçelendirmeyi hayvani ve tefekküri olarak ikiye ayıran Sosa'ya göre, S'nin İ inancı bir hayvani bilgidir; ancak İ, S'nin çevresi, deneyimi ve geçmişinin etkisi sebebiyle algı, iç gözlem ve hafıza yetileri tarafından otomatik olarak oluşturulmuşsa. Eğer böylesine bir otomatik girdi-çıktı ilişkisi aşılmak suretiyle S, İ inancının perspektifindeki yerine dair bir farkındalığa sahipse İ'nin tefekküri bilgi olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. İlk bilgi akıl ve muhakeme yoksunu hayvanlarla sınırlı değildir; insan her iki bilgi türünü de elde edebilir. Ancak tefekküri olmayan bilgi, bir meta-bilgi olmaması nedeniyle, öznenin inancının kaynağı, doğruluğu ve güvenilirliği hakkında farkındalığının olmadığı bir bilgidir. Mekanik bir bilgi olan bu bilgi, güvenilirci/dışsalcı bir bilgi iken tefekküri bilgi içselci bir bilgidir. Böylece Sosa kendi erdem epistemolojisi versiyonunda epistemoloji geleneğinde uzlaşmaz dikotomiler olarak görülen bilginin doğasına dair bu iki görüşü uzlaştırmıştır. Burada müzakere ettiğim pek çok sorun var: Üst bir bilgiyi oluşturan geniş bağdaşım bir inancın doğru olmasını garanti eder mi? Hayvani "gerekçelendirme" nedir? Bizatihi "tefekküri gerekçelendirme" bir inancın bilgi olması için yeterli midir? Kötü cin kurbanı herhangi bir anlamda gerekçelendirilmiş bir inanca sahip midir?

ERNEST SOSA ON ANIMAL KNOWLEDGE AND REFLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE

In this article, I explore animal knowledge and reflective knowledge, both of which are the most famous views of Ernest Sosa, who is seen as the founder of contemporary virtue epistemology. According to Sosa, who divides knowledge and justification as animal and reflective, S has an animal belief B if and only if, B had been constituted automatically based upon S’s impact of his/her environment, experience and past by S’s faculties of perception, introspection and memory. If S have awareness as to place belief B within his perspective by way of going beyond such automatic input-output relation, we can say that B is a reflective knowledge. First knowledge does not belong to animals only, which do not have reason; but human being too. Human being can attain both kinds of knowledge. But because of not being meta-knowledge, in unreflective knowledge, the subject do not have some awareness of source, correctness and reliability of his belief. As a mechanical knowledge, the first kind of knowledge is a reliabilist/ externalist knowledge, while reflective knowledge is an internalist knowledge. Sosa reconciles the two views about the nature of knowledge, which are seen as an irreconcilable dichotomies in the tradition of epistemology, in his version of virtue epistemology. There are a lot of problems that I discussed in this context: Does broad coherence that constitutes one upper knowledge, guarantee a belief’s being correct. What is animal “justification”? Does “reflective justification” per se sufficient for a belief being knowledge? Is victim of evil demon have justified belief in any sense?

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