Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri

Bu yazı Latin Amerika’nın unutulmuş yerli halklarının, Avrupalıların kıtaya ayak basmalarından itibaren karşılaştıkları yenilgilerin, ikilemlerin, dönüşümün ve esaretin izlerini sürmektedir. Yerli halklar Avrupalı istilacılar gelmeden evvel kompleks siyasi yapılar kurmuş olsalar da medeni inkişafları yeni gelenler yüzünden ansızın durmak zorunda kalmıştır. Kıtanın her yerine yayılmış olan yerli halklar kaderlerine razı gelmemiş ve ilk karşılaşmadan itibaren karşı mücadeleye girişmişlerdir. Ancak binek hayvanı eksikliği gibi doğal yetersizlikler ve Avrupalıların taşıdığı bulaşıcı hastalıklara karşı bağışıklık eksikliği gibi nedenlerle bu mücadele çoğu zaman akamete uğramıştır. Bu mücadele sadece yerli halkların mücadelesi değildir. Sömürgecilik döneminde Yeni Dünyaya kitleler halinde gelen ikinci bir grup daha vardır: çoğu Afrika kıtasından sömürgeci Avrupalılar tarafından gemilerle taşınan köleler. Atlantik Köle Ticareti ile yüzyıllar boyunca bu yeni kıtaya zorla getirilen bu talihsiz insanlar zamanla Latin Amerika’da toplumların önemli bir parçası olmuşlardır. Latin Amerika’da İspanyol sömürgeciliği dört temel üzerine kuruludur: kölecilik, kast sistemi, Hristiyanlaştırma ve askeri üstünlük. Bu yazının amacı bu dört ana unsurun tarihsel bağlamını yine tarihsel gelişimi içerisinde sunmaktır. Çalışmada karşılaştırmalı tarihi sosyolojik yöntem kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

kölecilik, kast sistemi, Latin Amerika, sömürgecilik, yerli halklar

Conquest, Rebellion, and Death in Latin America: Spanish Administration and Indigenous Resistance in the Age of Colonialism

This article traces the defeats, dilemmas, transformations, and captivity that the forgotten indigenous peoples of Latin America have faced since the Europeans set foot on the continent. Although indigenous peoples had established complex political structures before the arrival of European invaders, their civil development had to come to a sudden halt because of the new arrivals. Indigenous peoples spread all over the continent did not accept their fate and started a struggle against it since the first encounter. However, this struggle has often failed due to natural deficiencies such as the lack of riding animals and immunity against the infectious diseases carried by the Europeans. This struggle is not just the indigenous people’s fight. A second group that came to the New World in large numbers during the colonial period: slaves transported by ships from the African continent by colonial Europeans. Forcibly brought to this new continent for centuries through the Atlantic Slave Trade, these unfortunate people eventually became an essential part of Latin America's societies. Spanish colonialism in Latin America is based on four pillars: slavery, caste system, Christianization, and military supremacy. The aim of this article is to present the historical context of these four main elements in their historical development. The comparative historical sociological method was used in the study.

Keywords:

slavery, caste system, Latin America, colonialism, indigenous people,

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