Anglosakson Arkeoloji Geleneği Bağlamında Bilimsel Açıklamaların Doğası ve Statüsü

Geçmişte, insan düşüncesinin ürünü olarak üretilen maddi kalıntılar ve materyal kültürü ve bunların o topluluklar için ne anlama geldiğini; kültürel değişimleri ve kültürlerin birbiri ile olan etkileşimlerini neden sonuç ilişkileri ile açıklamaya odaklanmış bir bilim olarak arkeoloji, çalışmalarında disiplinlerarası yaklaşım ve yöntemleri kullanır. Arkeolojinin farklı disiplinlerle sürekli etkileşim halinde olduğu genel olarak üzerinde uzlaşı bulunan noktalardan biriyken bu alanda sunulan bilimsel açıklamaların doğası üzerine yürütülen tartışmalar nispeten sınırlı kalmıştır. Arkeolojideki açıklamaların doğasının incelenme girişimlerinde spekülasyonları eleyip kanıtlara ve kesinliğe ulaşma amacıyla birçok epistemik strateji arkeolojiye adapte edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu stratejiler geleneksel arkeolojinin endüktivist yaklaşımından yeni arkeolojinin dedüktivist yaklaşımına ve daha yeni dönemlerde en iyi açıklamaya çıkarım metoduna kadar çeşitlendirilebilir. Bu makalede, söz konusu epistemik stratejilerin arkeolojideki açıklamalarda nasıl kullanıldığı ile ilgili bilim felsefesi açısından ve Anglosakson arkeoloji geleneği bağlamında bir incelemesini yaparak arkeolojideki açıklamalar ile ilgili tartışmaların eğer yeni arkeoloji yaklaşımının ve bilim felsefesinin izleri takip edilecekse model temelli açıklamalara, post-süreçsel arkeolojinin izleri takip edilecekse de arkeolojik fenomenin açıklanmasından çok anlamlandırılması ve anlayışının kazanılmasını ön plana çıkartılan post-süreçsel arkeolojiye odaklanması gerektiğini iddia ediyorum.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Arkeoloji, Yeni Arkeoloji, bilimsel açıklamalar, dedüktivizm, endüktivizm, en iyi açıklamaya çıkarım

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