Yeme Bozukluklarının Çocukluk Travmaları ve Yaşam Doyumu ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Yeme bozukluklarının çok boyutlu modeline göre yeme bozuklukları çok faktörlü psikopatolojilerdir. Buna göre -psikolojik, ailesel olabileceği gibi biyolojik ya da kültürel de olabilen- hazırlayıcı faktörler, yeme bozukluklarının müdahale ve tedavileri açısından önemli bir araştırma alanıdır. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışmanın amacı yeme bozukluğu eğilimlerinin, çocukluk travmaları ve yaşam doyumu ile ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Kolayda örnekleme metodu uygulanmıştır. Veri toplanması REZZY yeme bozukluğu ölçeği, Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ile demografik form kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. 289 gönüllü yetişkin katılımcı -kolayda örnekleme ile ulaşılmış olan- ölçekleri yanıtlamıştır (Yaş aralığı=21-49). Katılımcıların %34.3’ünün bildirilmiş olan REZZY yeme bozukluğu risk grubu kesme noktasının üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Analiz bulgularına göre yeme bozukluğu eğilimi olan katılımcılar çocukluk travmaları, duygusal istismar, fiziksel istismar ve cinsel istismar açısından daha yüksek puanlarla farklılaşmıştır. Bulgular bağlantılı literatürün ışığında tartışılmıştır. Bireyin geçmiş travmatik deneyimlerinin psikopatoloji riski açısından önemini vurgulayan literatürün sunulmuş olan araştırmanın bulgularıyla uyum içinde olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yeme bozuklukları, Çocukluk Travmaları, Yaşam Doyumu

Examination of Relationship of Eating Disorders with Childhood Traumas and Life Satisfaction

Abstract: According to Multidimensional Model of Eating Disorders, eating disorders are multifactorial psychopathologies. Hence, the precipitating factors -which could be psychological and familial beside cultural and biological- are an important area of study regarding intervention and treatment plans of eating disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study have been determined as examination of the relationship of eating disorder tendencies, with childhood traumas and life satisfaction. Convenience sampling method has been applied. Data collection has been conducted via SCOFF (REZZY) eating disorders screening inventory, Traumatic Childhood Experiences Inventory, Life Satisfaction Scale and demographic form. 289 volunteered adult participants -who have been reached via convenience sampling method- answered the scales (Age range = 21-49). The %34.3 of the participants was determined as above the reported REZZY cut-point for eating disorder risk. According to results of the analysis the participants with eating disorder tendencies differed with higher scores regarding childhood traumas, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse scores. Results have been discussed under the light of the related literature. It can be said that the literature that points out the importance of traumatic past experiences regarding psychopathology risks are in accordance with the findings of the presented study.

Keywords:

Eating Disorders, Childhood Traumas, Life Satisfaction,

PDF

___

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Edn.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Aydemir, Ö., Köksal, B., Yalın-Sapmaz, Ş. ve Yüceyar, H. (2015). Kadın üniversite öğrencilerinde REZZY Yeme Bozuklukları Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği. Reliability and validity of Turkish form of SCOFF Eating Disorders Scale. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(Ek1), 31-35. doi: 10.5455/apd.174219.
Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K. & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136. Brewerton, T.D. (2007). Eating disorders, trauma, and comorbidity: Focus on PTSD. The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 15(4), 285-304. doi:10.1080/10640260701454311
Carter, J.C., Bewell, C., Blackmore, E., & Woodside, D.B. (2006). The impact of childhood sexual abuse in anorexia nervosa. Child Abuse Negl., 30(3), 257-269. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu. 2005.09.004. PMID: 16524628.
Claydon, E. & DeFazio, C. & Lilly, C. (2020). Life satisfaction among a clinical eating disorder population. Journal of Eating Disorders. 8:53 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00326-z
Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1250-1262.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Etain, B., Henry, C., Bellivier, F., Mathieu, F., & Leboyer, M. (2008). Beyond genetics: Childhood affective trauma in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 10(8), 867-876.
Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz, A.M., Edwards, V., Koss, M.P., & Marks, J.S. (2019). (Reprint of): Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am. J. Prev., Med,. 56(6), 774-786.
Garcia, D., Granjard, A., Lundblad, S., & Archer, T. (2017). A dark past, a restrained present, and an apocalyptic future: time perspective, personality, and life satisfaction among anorexia nervosa patients. PeerJ, 5, 1-18. e3801. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3801
Garner, D.M. (1993). Pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. Lancet, 341(8861), 1631-1635.
Garner, D.M., & Desai, J.J. (2000). Eating disorders in: Hersen M, Bellack AS (eds) Psychopathology in Adulthood (p. 419-441). Second edition. New York: Allyn and Bacon.
Halvorsen, I., & Heyerdahl, S. (2006). Girls with anorexia nervosa as young adults: Personality, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Int J Eat Disord., 39(4), 285-293.
Hay, P.J., Mond, J., Buttner, P., & Darby,A. (2008). Eating disorder behaviors are increasing: Findings from two sequential community surveys in South Australia. PLoS ONE, 3(2),1541–1541.
Jacobi, F., Wittchen, H. U., Hölting, C., Höfler, M., Pfister, H., Müller, N., & Lieb, R. (2004). Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: Results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS). Psychol Med., 34(4), 597-611. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703001399. PMID: 15099415.
Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi (18. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Kitsantas, A., Gilligan, T.D., & Kamata, A. (2003). College women with eating disorders: Self-regulation, life satisfaction, and positive/negative affect. Journal of Psychology, 137(4), 381-395 DOI 10.1080/00223980309600622.
Kong, S., & Bernstein, K. (2009). Childhood trauma as a predictor of eating psychopathology and its mediating variables in patients with eating disorders. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18, 1897-1907.
Lee, S.J., Cloninger, C.R., & Chaea, H. (2015). Cloninger’s temperament and character traits in medical students of Korea with problem eating behaviors. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 59, 98-106. DOI 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.006.
Leung, S., Joyce, L., & Russell, J. (2013). Enhancing quality of life in people with disordered eating using an online self-help programme. J Eat Disord., 1, 9. doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-9.
Magallares, A., Jauregui-Lobera, I., Gamiz-Jimenez, N., & Santed, M.A. (2014). Subjective well-being in a sample of women with eating disorders. Psychol Rec., 64(4), 769-776. doi.org /10.1007/s40732-014-0043-x.
McLafferty, M., Bunting, B. P., Armour, C., Lapsley, C., Ennis, E., Murray, E., & O'Neill, S. M. (2020). The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies on psychopathology and suicidal behaviour following negative childhood experiences. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, Article 105212. doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105212
Mitchell, K.S., Mazzeo, S.E., Schlesinger, M.R., Brewerton, T.D., & Smith, B.N. (2012). Comorbidity of partial and subthreshold PTSD among men and women with eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication Study. The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 45(3), 307-315.
Mitchison, D., Hay, P., Slewa-Younan, S., Mond, J. (2012). Time trends in population prevalence of eating disorder behaviors and their relationship to quality of life. PLoS ONE, 7(11): e48450
Molendijk, M.L., Hoek, H.W., Brewerton, T.D., & Elzinga, B.M. (2017). Childhood maltreatment and eating disorder pathology: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Psychol Med., 47(8), 1-15.
Morgan, J.F., Reid, F., Lacey, J.H. (1999). The SCOFF questionnaire: Assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ, 4;319(7223), 1467-8. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7223.14 67. PMID: 10582927
Muñoz, P., Quintana. J., Las Hayas, C., Padierna, A., Aguirre, U., & González-Torres, M. (2012). Quality of life and motivation to change in eating disorders. Perception patient-psychiatrist. Eat Behav., 13, 131–4. doi.org/10.1016/j.
National Eating Disorders Collaboration [NEDC]. (2016). Eating disorders in schools: Prevention, early identification and response (p. 1-48). NSW: NEDC.
Rayworth, B.B., Wise, L.A. & Harlow, B.L. (2004). Childhood abuse and risk of eating disorders in women. Epidemiology, 15, 271-278.
Rodriguez, M., Perez, V. & Garcia, Y. (2005). Impact of traumatic experiences and violent acts upon response to treatment of a sample of Colombian women with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 299–306.
Rorty, M. & Yager, J. (1996). Histories of childhood trauma and complex post-traumatic sequelae in women with eating disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 773–791.
Rose S. (2001). Moving on from old dichotomies: Beyond nature-nurture towards a lifeline perspective. Br J Psychiatry, 40, 3-7.
Smink, F.R., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H.W. (2008). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep., 14(4), 406-14. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y. PMID: 22644309.
Strine, T.W., Chapman, D.P., Balluz, L.S., Moriarty, D.G., & Mokdad, A.H. (2008). The associations between life satisfaction and health-related quality of life, chronic illness, and health behaviors among US community-dwelling adults. J Community Health, 33(1),40–50.
Şar, V. & Öztürk, E. & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32, 1054-1063. Doi:10.5336/medsci.2011-26947.
Trompetter, H. R., Kleine, E., & de Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Why does positive mental health buffer against psychopathology? An exploratory study on self-compassion as a resilience mechanism and adaptive emotion regulation strategy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 459-468. doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9774-0
Unicef. (2020). Violence against children. Unicef data: Monitoring the situation of children and women. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/violence/
Van Doornik, S. & Ostafin, B. & Jonker, N. & Glashouwer, K. & Jong, P. (2021). Low satisfaction with normative life domains in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 1-9, doi: org/10.1002/cpp.2574.
World Health Organization [WHO] (2020). Violence against children. (Fact sheets). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-children