MISIR HİYEROGLİFLERİNİ ÇÖZÜME GÖTÜREN DİLBİLİM ANAHTARLARI

Bu çalışma Mısır hiyerogliflerinin çözümü konusunda yaşanılan uzun ve karmaşık süreci incelemekte ve bu bağlamda, Mısır medeniyetinin gizli kalmış sırrının çözümünde dilbilimin oynadığı anahtar rolü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Jean-François Champollion, üzerinde eski hiyeroglifler, orta kısmında o zaman bilinmeyen bir dil ve alt kısmında Yunanca olmak üzere üç farklı dil yer alan Reşit (Rosetta) Taşı’nı inceleyerek, kelimelerdeki seslerin ideografik işaretlerle olan ilişkisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Champollion, Reşit Taşı’nda bulunan ve özel isimler içerdiği saptanan kartuşlardan, Eski Mısır Koptik dilinden, Yunanca çeviriye sahip olan Filay dikili taşından ve Mısırlı tarihçi Monetho’nun Mısır firavunlarınının soy ağacını çıkarırken anlattıklarından yola çıkarak geniş bir dilbilim çalışması yürütmüştür. Champallion’ın hiyerogliflerin çözümüne (a) çeviriyi doğru kullanma, (b) diller arasındaki etkileşimi dikkate alma ve (c) dilin yaşayan bir unsur olduğunun ayırdına varma gibi dilbilimsel özellikleri analiz ederek ulaştığı açıkça görülmektedir.

LİNGUİSTİC KEYS LEADİNG TO THE SOLUTİON OF EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS

The paper examines the long and complex process of the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, highlighting the decisive role that the linguistic theories played in unlocking the secret behind the Egyptian civilization. Through the three different languages on the same inscription on the Rosetta Stone with Ancient Hieroglyphs at the top, another unknown language in the middle and the Greek at the bottom, scholars such as Jean- François Champollion was able to decipher the script, and showed that the Egyptian writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs through the cartouches used in the Rosetta Stone, proper names from Ancient Egyptian Coptic, Philae Obelisk on the temple island, Philae with Greek translation and an Egyptian historian Manetho who recorded the Egyptian Pharaoh lineage in Greek. It is obvious that Champollion’s solution is achieved through analyzing certain linguistic aspects of hieroglyphs, namely, (a) appropriate use of translation, (b) interaction between different languages, and (c) distinguishing between living and dead languages. 

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