___

• ALDRIDGE, A. (2000) Religion in the Contemporary World: A Sociological Introduction, London: Polity Press.
• ALLIEVI, S. (2006) How and why “immigrants” became “muslims”, ISIM Review 18: 37.
• ASAD, T. (2001) Thinking about Secularism and Law in Egypt, Leiden: ISIM.
• AYALON, D. (1997) ‘Shura [In the modern Arab world]’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX, Leiden: Brill, p. 506.
• BERGER, P. L. (1999) The desecularisation of the World: A global overview, içinde P. L. Berger (ed.), The Desecularisation of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics, Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerd- mans Publishing Co.
• BEYER, P. (2005) Religion in Global Society, London/New York, NY: Routledge.
• BOSWORTH, C. E. (1997) ‘Shura [In early Islamic histo- ry]’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX, Leiden: Brill, pp. 504–505.
• BROWN, M. (2000) Quantifying the muslim population in Europe: Conceptual and data issues, Journal of Social Research Methodology 3(2): 87–101.
• CAEIRO, A. (2009) Qaradawi in Europe, Europe in qaradawi? The global mufti’s European politics, içinde B. Gräf and J. Skovgaard-Petersen (eds.), Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, London: Hurst.
• DANKOWITZ, A. (2006) Tariq Ramadan: Reformist or Is- lamist? MEMRI: Inquiry and Analysis Series, No. 266, January 17, 2006. Retrieved from: http://memri.org /bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID= IA26606 (printed 2006-11-28).
• _________(2005) Accusing Muslim Intellectuals of Apostasy, MEMRI: Inquiry and Analysis Series, No. 208, Febru- ary 18, 2005. Retrieved from http://memri.org/bin /articles.cgi? Page= archives&Area=ia&ID=IA20805
• DE LAY, H. (2002) Humanists and muslims in belgian secular society, in W. A. R. Shadid and P.S. van Koningsveld (eds.), Intercultural Relations and Reli- gious Authorities: Muslims in the European Union, Leuven: Peeters, pp. 107–122.
• FOUREST, C. (2005) Frère Tariq: Discours, stratégie et méthode de Tariq Ramadan, Paris: B. Grasset.
• GIMARET, D. (1997) ‘Shirk’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX, Leiden: Brill, pp. 484–486.
• GRÄF, B. (2007) Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi in cyber- space, Die Welt des Islams 47(3–4): 403–421.
• ________ (2008) IslamOnline.net: Independent, Interactive, Popular, Arab Media & Society, January, 2008. Re- trieved from http://www.arabmediasociety.com/ ?ar- ticle=576
• ________(2009) The concept of wasatiyya in the work of Yusuf al-Qaradawi, in B. Gräf J. Skovgaard-Petersen (eds.), Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al- Qaradawi, London: Hurst.
• GRÄF, B. and Skovgaard-Petersen, J. (eds.) (2009) Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Lon- don: Hurst.
• AL-HALIWANI, A. and Mohammad, H. (2004) Scholars Launch Pan-Muslim Body in London. Retrieved from http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2004- 07/12/article01.shtml (printed 2006-11-14).
• KARMI, H. S. (1991) Al-Mughni al-Kabir: English-Arabic, Beirut: Librairie du Liban.
• KLAUSEN, J. (2005) The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• LARSSON, G. (2005) The impact of global conflicts on local contexts: Muslims in Sweden after 9/11 – the rise of islamphobia, or new possibilities? Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 16(1): 9–42.
• _________(2006) Islam and Muslims in Swedish Media and Academic Research: With a Bibliography of English and French Literature on Islam and Muslims in Swe- den, EUIWorking papers, RSCAS No. 2006/36. http://www.iue.it/RSCAS/Publications/BrowseType. shtml
• LEWIS, C. T. and Short, C. (1966) Latin Dictionary, Ox- ford: Clarendon Press.
• MARIANI, E. (2006) The role of states and markets in the production of islamic knowledge online: The examples of Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Amru Khaled’, içinde G. Larsson (ed.), Religious Communities on the Internet: Proceedings from a Conference, Uppsala: Swedish Science Press, pp. 131–149.
• MAUSEN, M. (2007) The governance of Islam in Western Europe: A state of the art report, IMISCOE Working Paper No. 16.
• MITCHELL, R. P. (1969) The Society of the Muslim Broth- ers, London: Oxford University Press.
• MOHSEN-FINAN, K. (2002) ‘Tariq ramadan: Voice of a new religiousness’, in W. A. R. Shadid andP. S. van Koningsveld (eds.), Intercultural Relations and Reli- gious Authorities: Muslims in the European Union, Leuven: Peeters, pp. 208–214.
• NAJJAR, F. M. (1996) The debate on islam and secular- ism in Egypt, Arab Studies Quarterly 18(2). Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/ is_n2_v18/ai_18627295
• __________ (1998) Islamic fundamentalism and the intel- lectuals: The case of Naguib Mahfouz’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 25(1): 139–168.
• AL-QARADAWI, Y. (2002) How Islam views Secularism. Retrieved from http://www.islamonline.net /servlet /Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503545396
• __________(1983) Al-Hulul al-mustawradah wa kayfa janat ‘alaa ummatina, Beirut: Mussa al-risal/Resalah Pub- lishers.
• RAMADAN, T. (2002) To be a European Muslim: A Study of Islamic Sources in the European Context, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.
• _________(2004) Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• SHADID, W. and Koningsveld van, P. S. (2002) Religious authorities of muslims in the west:Their views on po- litical participation, in W. A. R. Shadid and P. S. van Koningsveld (eds.), Intercultural Relations and Reli- gious Authorities: Muslims in the European Union, Leuven: Peeters, pp. 149–168.
• SKOVGAARD-PETERSEN, J. (2004) The global mufti, in B. Schaebler and L. Stenberg (eds.), Globalization and the Muslim World: Culture, Religion, and Modernity, New York, NY: Syracuse University Press, pp. 153– 165.
• SMITH, C. (1995) Secularism, in J. L. Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Vol. IX, New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 20–30.
• STARK, R. and BAINBRIDGE, W. S. (1985) The Future of Religion: Secularisation, Revival, and Cult Formation, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• TAMIMI, A. and Esposito, J. L. (eds.) (2000) Islam and Secularism in the Middle East, London: Hurst & Com- pany.
• TAMMAM, H. (2009) Qaradawi and the muslim brother- hood. The nature of a special relationship, in B. Gräf and J. Skovgaard-Petersen (eds.), Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, London: Hurst.
• TESSLER, M. (2003) Do islamic orientations influence attitudes towards democracy in the Arab world? Evi- dence from Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Algeria, in R. Inglehart (ed.), Islam, Gender, Culture, and Democ- racy: Findings from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey, Willowdale: De Sitter Publi- cations.
• THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR FATWA AND RE- SEARCH. http://www.e-cfr.org/eng/ (printed 2006- 11-14).
• WEHR, H. (1976) Dictionary ofModern Written Arabic, New York, NY: Spoken Language Services.
• WILSON, B. R. (1987) Secularisation, in M. Eliade (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. XIII, NewYork/ London: MacMillan Publishing Company, pp. 159– 165.
• YAHMID, H. (2003) Secularism no problem to Europe’s Muslims. Retrieved from http://www.islamonline.net /English/News/2003-09/05/article03.shtml (printed 2006-12-07).
• ZAMAN, M. Q. (2004) The ‘Ulama of contemporary islam and their conceptions of the common good’, in A. Sal- vatore and D. F. Eickelman (eds.), Public Islam and the Common Good, Leiden: Brill, pp.129–155.