The influence of anhydrite III as cement replacement material in production of lightweight masonry blocks for unreinforced non-load bearing walls
The influence of anhydrite III as cement replacement material in production of lightweight masonry blocks for unreinforced non-load bearing walls
Lightweight cellular hollow concrete (LCHC) block is a type of masonry unit that has excellent thermal and acoustic performance, fire resistance and high weathering resistance, and manufactured by precast technique. This work presents an experimental study, which investigates the effects of volumetric partial replacement of Portland cement by calcium sulfate anhydrite on precast properties, especially hardening time of the products, thermal insulation properties and mechanical properties of the blocks. LCHC block is produced by the mixing of Portland cement (PC), anhydrite III (ANH), expanded perlite (EP), pumice (PU) and calcite (CA) for building applications. The physical and mechanical properties of LCHC blocks having various replacement levels of ANH are studied. Experimental studies were carried out on both 10x10x10 cm3 cube specimens and 19x19x39 cm3 block specimens. In this research work, LCHC blocks with 16 different mixture batches were cast into a mould with vibro-compacting, de-moulded immediately and transferred to a storage area for curing up to 28 days in normal air condition. The unit weights and compressive strengths of the cube specimens decreased as the ANH replacement level increased, depending on the decrease in the cement ratio. However, it was observed that the compressive strength of the block specimens increased up to the volumetric replacement level of 1.86 %. As expected, the thermal conductivity values of the specimens decreased with the decrease in unit weight. The most notable change on the specimens occurred in the hardening time. The hardening process of the specimens can be completed up to 90 times faster than the control mixture. In addition, within the scope of the study, three formulations are presented in which the compressive strength and the elastic modulus of the wall sections made with LCHC blocks can be calculated, and thermal conductivity value of masonry block unit can be calculated.
___
- [1] Gündüz, L., & Kalkan, Ş. O. (2020). Lightweight cellular
hollow concrete blocks containing volcanic tuff powder, expanded clay, and diatomite for non-load bearing
walls. Teknik Dergi, 31(6), 10291–10313. [CrossRef]
- [2] Gündüz, L. (2008). Use of quartet blends containing
fly ash, scoria, perlitic pumice and cement to produce cellular hollow lightweight masonry blocks for
non-load bearing walls. Construction and Building
Materials, 22(5), 747–754. [CrossRef]
- [3] Türkmenoğlu, A. G., & Tankut, A. (2002). Use of
tuffs from central Turkey as admixture in pozzolanic cements: Assessment of their petrographical
properties. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(4),
629–637. [CrossRef]
- [4] Faella, G., Manfredi, G., & Realfonzo, R. (1992). Cyclic behaviour of tuff masonry walls under horizontal loadings. In Proc. 6th Can. Masonry Symp., Canada, 317–328.
- [5] ASTM. (2005). Annual book of ASTM standards,
book of standards section 4 – construction, Volume
04.02 and 04.03. ASTM International.
- [6] Gündüz, L. (2005). A technical report on lightweight
aggregate masonry block manufacturing in Turkey.
Suleyman Demirel University, 1, 110.
- [7] Şapcı, N., Gündüz, L., & Yağmurlu, F. (2014). Usage
of Aksaray ignimbrites as natural lighweight aggregate and evaluation of the production for lightweight
hollow masonry units. Pamukkale University Journal
of Engineering Sciences, 20(3), 63–69. [CrossRef]
- [8] Al-Tamimi, A. S., Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Al-Osta, M.
A., Ali, M. R., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Effect of insulation materials and cavity layout on heat transfer of
concrete masonry hollow blocks. Construction and
Building Materials, 254, Article 119300. [CrossRef]
- [9] Al-Hadhrami, L. M., & Ahmad, A. (2009). Assessment of thermal performance of different types of
masonry bricks used in Saudi Arabia. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(5-6), 1123–1130. [CrossRef]
- [10] Sengul, O., Azizi, S., Karaosmanoglu, F., & Tasdemir, M. A. (2011). Effect of expanded perlite on the
mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of
lightweight concrete. Energy and Buildings, 43(2-3),
671–676. [CrossRef]
- [11] The Portland Cement Association. (2016). (Dec 09,
2022). Concrete masonry units. https://www.cement.
org/cement-concrete/products/concrete-masonry-units
- [12] Lushnikova, N., & Dvorkin, L. (2016). Sustainability
of gypsum products as a construction material. In
Sustainability of Construction Materials (pp. 643–
681). Woodhead Publishing. [CrossRef]
- [13] Powell, D. A. (1958). Transformation of the α-and
β-forms of calcium sulphate hemihydrate to insoluble
anhydrite. Nature, 182(4638), Article 792. [CrossRef]
- [14] Bensted, J., & Prakash, S. (1968). Investigation of the
calcium sulphate-water system by infrared spectroscopy. Nature, 219(5149), 60–61. [CrossRef]
- [15] Odler, I. (2000). Special inorganic cements. Taylor &
Francis.
- [16] Macia, E., Dubois, J-M., & Thiel, P. A. (1985). Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley.
- [17] Sievert, T., Wolter, A., & Singh, N. B. (2005). Hydration of anhydrite of gypsum (CaSO4
. II) in a
ball mill. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(4),
623–630. [CrossRef]
- [18] Binici, H., Kapur, S., Arocena, J., & Kaplan, H.
(2012). The sulphate resistance of cements containing red brick dust and ground basaltic pumice with
sub-microscopic evidence of intra-pore gypsum and
ettringite as strengtheners. Cement and Concrete
Composites, 34(2), 279–287. [CrossRef]
- [19] Hossain, K. M. A. (2003). Blended cement using
volcanic ash and pumice. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(10), 1601–1605. [CrossRef]
- [20] Kabay, N., Tufekci, M. M., Kizilkanat, A. B., & Oktay,
D. (2015). Properties of concrete with pumice powder and fly ash as cement replacement materials. Construction and Building Materials, 85, 1–8. [CrossRef]
- [21] Torkaman, J., Ashori, A., & Momtazi, A. S. (2014).
Using wood fiber waste, rice husk ash, and limestone
powder waste as cement replacement materials for
lightweight concrete blocks. Construction and Building Materials, 50, 432–436. [CrossRef]
- [22] Duan, P., Shui, Z., Chen, W., & Shen, C. (2013).
Enhancing microstructure and durability of concrete from ground granulated blast furnace slag
and metakaolin as cement replacement materials.
Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2(1),
52–59. [CrossRef]
- [23] Mehta, P. K., & Monteiro, P. J. (2014). Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials. McGraw-Hill
Education.
- [24] Naik, T. R., Kumar, R., Chun, Y. M., & Kraus, R. N.
(2010). Utilization of Powdered gypsum-wallboard in
concrete. In Procedding International Conference
Sustainable Constructions Materials Technologies.
- [25] Escalante-Garcia, J. I., Martínez-Aguilar, O. A., &
Gomez-Zamorano, L. Y. (2017). Calcium sulphate
anhydrite based composite binders; effect of Portland cement and four pozzolans on the hydration
and strength. Cement and Concrete Composites, 82,
227–233. [CrossRef]
- [26] Hansen, S., & Sadeghian, P. (2020). Recycled gypsum powder from waste drywalls combined with
fly ash for partial cement replacement in concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, Article
122785. [CrossRef]
- [27] Khatib, J. M., Wright, L., & Mangat, P. S. (2013). Effect of fly ash–gypsum blend on porosity and pore
size distribution of cement pastes. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 112(4), 197–201. [CrossRef]
- [28] British Standards Institution. (1995). BS 812: Part 2,
Testing aggregates. Methods for determination of density. British Standards Institution.
- [29] British Standards Institution. (1990). BS 812: Part
110, Testing aggregates. Methods for determination
of aggregate crushing value (ACV). British Standards
Institution.
- [30] ASTM. (2004). ASTM C127-04, Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and
absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM International.
- [31] ASTM. (2004) ASTM C128-04, Standard test method
for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of fine aggregate. ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA," 2004.
- [32] Turkish Standards Institution. (2015). TS EN 771-
3+A1, Specification for masonry units - Part 3: Aggregate concrete masonry units (Dense and lightweight
aggregates). Turkish Standards Institution.
- [33] British Standards Institution. (1986). BS 1881: Part
125, Testing concrete. Methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory. British Standards Institution.
- [34] British Standards Institution. (1983). BS 1881: Part
114, Testing concrete. Methods for determination of
density of hardened concrete. British Standards Institution.
- [35] British Standards Institution. (1981). BS 6073: Part
1, Precast concrete masonry units. Specification for
precast concrete masonry units. British Standards Institution.
- [36] Faustino, J., Silva, E., Pinto, J., Soares, E., Cunha,
V. M., & Soares, S. (2015). Lightweight concrete
masonry units based on processed granulate of corn cob as aggregate. Materiales de Construcción,
65(318), Article e055. [CrossRef]
- [37] British Standards Institution. (2011). (Dec 09, 2022).
BS EN 771-3, Specification for masonry units. Aggregate concrete masonry units (dense and lightweight aggregates). British Standards Institution. https://www.
en-standard.eu/bs-en-771-3-2011-a1-2015-specification-for-masonry-units-aggregate-concrete-masonry-units-dense-and-lightweight-aggregates/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA1sucBhDgARIsAFoytUtgPd8N5WkaafFDB_VaHfY0o90I4baU43G9DQ-I862y2SvJ0296GRgaAra9EALw_wcB Accessed on Dec 16,
2022.
- [38] Yan, S., Sagoe-Crentsil, K., & Shapiro, G. (2012).
Properties of cement mortar incorporating de-inking waste-water from waste paper recycling. Construction and Building Materials, 29, 51–55. [CrossRef]
- [39] Kovler, K. (1998). Setting and hardening of gypsum-portland cement-silica fume blends, Part 1:
temperature and setting expansion. Cement and
Concrete Research, 28(3), 423–437. [CrossRef]
- [40] Masonry Advisory Council, (2007). Density-related
properties of concrete masonry. Building Construction & Design Viewpoint, 1(1), 1–4.
- [41] Turkish Standards Institution. (2013). (Dec 09,
2022). TS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1, Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures - Part 1-1: General rules
for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures. Turkish Standart Institutions. https://www.
en-standard.eu/bs-en-1996-1-1-2005-a1-2012-eurocode-6-design-of-masonry-structures-generalrules-for-reinforced-and-unreinforced-masonrystructures/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA1sucBhDgARIsAFoytUs_2bX5SS1dUwRNNbQfhG7cuoT5cVhZW-IxC4B8omVbaOcUVlLl2b4aAuPhEALw_wcB
Accessed on Dec 16, 2022.