Assessment of iron tailings as replacement for fine aggregate in engıneering application
Assessment of iron tailings as replacement for fine aggregate in engineering application
This study evaluated the suitability of iron tailings as fine aggregate replacements for engineering applications. This is necessary to find economic usage for the enormous amount of waste from Itakpe mines. The physical properties of specific gravity, bulk density, moisture content, particle size, fineness modulus, and mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength, compaction factor, flexural strength, and relative density of the concrete made with iron tailings were determined. World Health Organization (WHO) standard methods for examining water and wastewater were used to analyze water used for curing the concrete cubes and beams to ascertain toxicity. The result shows the workability of concrete made with 50% iron tailings within the standard limit. The compressive strength at 28 days for 0% to 100% percentage replacement increases from 10.1N/mm2 to 15.3N/mm2. Therefore, replacing sand with the iron filling will improve the compressive strength of any concrete. The flexural strength analysis shows that the iron tailings concrete beam increases the flexural strength from 15N/mm2 to 16.9N/mm2 from 0 to 100% at 28-day curing. There is also a linear relationship between the flexural strength and the density of the iron tailing concrete. The pH and Alkalinity tests of the water used to cure the iron tailing concrete indicate that the curing water's alkalinity was high (20.883 to 40.75) with a pH range of 12.1-12.4. This shows that using iron tailing will not harm the durability of the resulting concrete. The iron tailings are suitable for acceptable aggregate replacement up to 75% without negatively altering the mechanical properties of such concrete.
___
- [1] Owolabi, A. O. (2007). Comparative analysis of the
engineering properties of iron ore tailings, stone dust
and sharp sand [Master Thesis], 19–22.
- [2] McKinnon, E. (2002). The environmental effects of
mining waste disposal at Lihir Gold Mine, Papua
New Guinea. Journal of Rural and Remote Environ mental Health, 1(2), 40–50. [CrossRef]
- [3] Yellishetty M., Karpe V., Reddy E., Subhash K. N.
and Ranjith P. G. (2008). Reuse of iron ore miner al wastes in civil engineering constructions: A case
study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(11),
1283–1289. [CrossRef]
- [4] Grangeia C., Avila P., Matias M., & Ferreira da Silva
E. (2011). Mine integrated investigations: The case
of Rio (Panasqueira Mine, Central Portugal). Engi neering Geology, 123(4), 359–372. [CrossRef]
- [5] Tiwari S., Rai A., & Bajpai Y. K. (2017). Effect of iron
ore tailing on the flexural strength of concrete. In ternational Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 5, 2773–2779.
- [6] ASTM C39/C39M-18. (2018). Standard test method
for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete speci mens. ASTM International.
- [7] ASTM C293 / C293M-16. (2016). Standard test
method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple
beam with center-point loading). ASTM International.
- [8] WHO. (2008). WHO’s drinking water standards,
Guidelines for drinking water quality, incorporating
1st and 2nd addenda. Vol. 1, recoomendations-3rd
ed., NLM classification: WA 675, (p. 145). Geneva.
- [9] ASTM D4698-92. (2013). Standard practices for total
digestion of sediment samples for Chemical Analysis
of various metals. ASTM International.
- [10] ASTM E1621-13. (2013). Standard guide for elemen tal analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluores cence spectrometry. ASTM International.
- [11] Zhang, W., Xiaowei, G., Qiu, J., Liu, J., Zhao, Y., & Li,
X. (2020). Effects of iron ore tailings on the compres sive strength and permeability of ultra-high-perfor mance concrete. Construction and Building Materi als, 260(4), 119917. [CrossRef]
- [12] ASTM C33/C33M-18. (2018). Standard specification
for concrete aggregates. ASTM International.
- [13] Arum, C., Owolabi, A. O. (2012). Suitability of iron
ore tailings & quarry dust for concrete making. The
Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 17(1-2),
46–52.
- [14] Shettima, U. A., Hussin, M. W., & Jahangir, M.
(2016). Evaluation of iron ore tailings as replace ment for fine aggregates in concrete. Construction
and Building Materials, 120(1–3):72–79. [CrossRef]
- [15] ASTM C191-19. (2019). Standard test methods for
time of setting of hydraulic cement by vicat needle.
ASTM International.