Development and characterization of camphor-loadedozonated olive oil nanoemulsions

The purpose of present study is to prepare and characterize camphor-loaded ozonated olive oil nanoemulsions (NEs). In this study, olive oils were ozonated with different times (up to 24 h) and their viscosities wereexamined. NEs were prepared by high-energy ultrasonication technique and characterized according to droplet size distribution, zeta potential, microscopic evaluation, and storage stability. The effect of oil phase/aqueous phase volume ratio, sonication time, and co-solvent (glycerol) on formulations were evaluated. 6 h ozonated olive oil was chosen for developing NEs due to its liquid form and viscosity (189 mPas). The obtained camphor-loaded NEs (with or without glycerol) had nearly 300 nm droplet size with negative zeta potential. Microscopic analysis revealed the spherical shape of droplets. The long-term stability tests showed that camphor-loaded NEs with glycerol were more stable than NEs without glycerol at 4 °C and 25 °C. According to the results, ozonated olive oil based NEs with glycerol might be promising nanosystems for topical delivery of camphor.

PDF

___

[1] Valacchi G, Fortino V, Bocci V. The dual action of ozone on the skin. Br J Dermatol. 2005; 153(6): 1096-1001. [CrossRef]
[2] Sega A, Zanardi I, Chiasserini L, Gabbrielli A, Bocci V, Travagli V. Properties of sesame oil by detailed 1H and 13C NMR assignments before and after ozonation and their correlation with iodine value, peroxide value, and viscosity measurements. Chem Phys Lipids. 2010; 163(2): 148-156. [CrossRef]
[3] Sadowska J, Johansson B, Johannessen E, Friman R, Broniarz-Press L, Rosenholm JB. Characterization of ozonated vegetable oils by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Chem Phys Lipids. 2008; 151(2): 85-91. [CrossRef]
[4] Song M, Zeng Q, Xiang Y, Gao L, Huang J, Huang J, Wu K, Lu J. The antibacterial effect of topical ozone on the treatment of MRSA skin infection. Mol Med Rep. 2018; 17(2): 2449-2455. [CrossRef]
[5] El Hadary AA, Yassin HH, Mekhemer ST, Holmes JC, Grootveld M. Evaluation of the effect of ozonated plant oils on the quality of osseointegration of dental implants under the influence of cyclosporin a: an in vivo study. J Oral Implantol. 2011; 37(2): 247-257. [CrossRef]
[6] Currò M, Russo T, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Antonuccio P, Arena S, Parisi S, Perrone P, Ientile R, Romeo C, Impellizzeri P. Anti-inflammatory and tissue regenerative effects of topical treatment with ozonated olive oil/vitamin E acetate in balanitis xerotica obliterans. Molecules. 2018; 23: 645. [CrossRef]
[7] Rai VK, Mishra N, Yadav KS, Yadav NP. Nanoemulsion as pharmaceutical carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery: Formulation development, stability issues, basic considerations and applications. J Control Release. 2018; 270: 203-225. [CrossRef]
[8] John J, Bhattacharya M, Raynor PC. Emulsions containing vegetable oils for cutting fluid application. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2004; 237(1): 141-150. [CrossRef]
[9] Guerra-Blanco P, Poznyak T, Chairez I, Brito-Arias M. Correlation of structural characterization and viscosity measurements with total unsaturation: An effective method for controlling ozonation in the preparation of ozonated grape seed and sunflower oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Tech. 2015; 117(7): 988-998. [CrossRef]
[10] Stahl W, Sies H. Antioxidant activity of carotenoids. Mol Aspects Med. 2003; 24(6): 345-351. [CrossRef]
[11] Benevides CMdJ, Veloso MCdC, de Paula Pereira PA, Andrade JBd. A chemical study of β-carotene oxidation by ozone in an organic model system and the identification of the resulting products. Food Chem. 2011; 126(3): 927-934. [CrossRef]
[12] Mehmood T, Ahmad A, Ahmed A, Ahmed Z. Optimization of olive oil based O/W nanoemulsions prepared through ultrasonic homogenization: A response surface methodology approach. Food Chem. 2017; 229: 790-796. [CrossRef]
[13] kumar Dey T, Ghosh S, Ghosh M, Koley H, Dhar P. Comparative study of gastrointestinal absorption of EPA & DHA rich fish oil from nano and conventional emulsion formulation in rats. Food Res Int. 2012; 49(1): 72-79. [CrossRef]
[14] Azeem A, Rizwan M, Ahmad FJ, Iqbal Z, Khar RK, Aqil M, Talegaonkar S. Nanoemulsion components screening and selection: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009; 10(1): 69-76. [CrossRef]
[15] Karami Z, Khoshkam M, Hamidi M. Optimization of olive oil-based nanoemulsion preparation for intravenous drug delivery. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2019; 69(5): 256-264. [CrossRef]
[16] Md S, Gan SY, Haw YH, Ho CL, Wong S, Choudhury H. In vitro neuroprotective effects of naringenin nanoemulsion against β-amyloid toxicity through the regulation of amyloidogenesis and tau phosphorylation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018; 118: 1211-1219. [CrossRef]
[17] Gharibzahedi SMT, Mohammadnabi S. Effect of novel bioactive edible coatings based on jujube gum and nettle oilloaded nanoemulsions on the shelf-life of Beluga sturgeon fillets. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017; 95: 769-777. [CrossRef]
[18] Hanifah M, Jufri M. Formulation and Stability Testing of Nanoemulsion Lotion Containing Centella asiatica Extract. J Young Pharm. 2018; 10(4): 404-408. [CrossRef]
[19] Azmi NAN, Elgharbawy AAM, Motlagh SR, Samsudin N, Salleh HM. Nanoemulsions: Factory for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics. Processes. 2019; 7(9): 617. [CrossRef]
[20] Lu W-C, Chiang B-H, Huang D-W, Li P-H. Skin permeation of d-limonene-based nanoemulsions as a transdermal carrier prepared by ultrasonic emulsification. Ultrason Sonochem. 2014; 21(2): 826-832. [CrossRef]
[21] Jafari SM, He Y, Bhandari B. Nano-emulsion production by sonication and microfluidization-a comparison. Int J Food Prop. 2006; 9(3): 475-485. [CrossRef]
[22] Li Y, Jin H, Sun X, Sun J, Liu C, Liu C, Xu J. Physicochemical Properties and Storage Stability of Food ProteinStabilized Nanoemulsions. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2018; 9(1): 25. [CrossRef]
[23] Tang SY, Shridharan P, Sivakumar M. Impact of process parameters in the generation of novel aspirin nanoemulsions – Comparative studies between ultrasound cavitation and microfluidizer. Ultrason Sonochem. 2013; 20(1): 485-497. [CrossRef]
[24] Yalcin TE, Ilbasmis-Tamer S, Takka S. Development and characterization of gemcitabine hydrochloride loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNs) using central composite design. Int J Pharm. 2018; 548(1): 255-262. [CrossRef]
[25] Yalcin TE, Ilbasmis-Tamer S, Ibisoglu B, Özdemir A, Ark M, Takka S. Gemcitabine hydrochloride-loaded liposomes and nanoparticles: comparison of encapsulation efficiency, drug release, particle size, and cytotoxicity. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2018; 23(1): 76-86. [CrossRef]
[26] Saberi AH, Fang Y, McClements DJ. Effect of glycerol on formation, stability, and properties of vitamin-E enriched nanoemulsions produced using spontaneous emulsification. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013; 411: 105-113. [CrossRef]
[27] Sakulku U, Nuchuchua O, Uawongyart N, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Soottitantawat A, Ruktanonchai U. Characterization and mosquito repellent activity of citronella oil nanoemulsion. Int J Pharm. 2009; 372(1): 105-111. [CrossRef]
[28] Thakkar HP, Khunt A, Dhande RD, Patel AA. Formulation and evaluation of Itraconazole nanoemulsion for enhanced oral bioavailability. J Microencapsul. 2015; 32(6): 559-569. [CrossRef]