MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHOD FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS

X-ray fluorescence spectrometers use high energy X-rays (or gamma rays) to excite fluorescent radiation from a sample for quantitative chemical or elemental analysis and have many industrial and research applications. XRF is primarily used as a non-destructive method for investigation of metals, minerals, environmental samples, food constituents, body fluids and biopsies. Microanalysis is the identification of the chemical elements present either within or on the surface of an object, and additionally, how the atoms of the elements are arranged with respect to each other. Identification of the elements present may be qualitative or quantitative. Techniques for estimation of element levels directly in humans (noninvasive in vivo) or in samples (in vitro) from humans are reviewed. Toxic, nonessential, trace elements may cause temporary or permanent damage to various organs and tissues in humans. There is thus a need to control the concentrations.In this work, we discuss applications in key areas with a view to providing examples of how the technique can provide information on biological and medical systems. Our goal is to provide useful and pertinent information to encourage and enable further use of this powerful method in chemical and biochemical studies.

Keywords:

XRF Microanalysis,

PDF

___

1- S. Akoto Bamford, D. Wegrzynek, E. Chinea-Cano, A. Markowicz, Application of X-ray fluorescence techniques for the determination of hazardous and essential trace elements in environmental and biological materials, NUKLEONIKA 2004, 49(3), 87−95.
2- N. V. Campos , T. A.R. Pereıra, M. F. Machado, M. B.B. Guerra, G. S. Tolentıno, J. S. Araújo, M. Q. Rezende , M. Carolına, N.A. Da Silva and C. E.G.R. Schaefer, Evaluation of micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and histochemical tests for aluminium detection in plants from High Altitude Rocky Complexes, Southeast Brazil Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2014, 86(1), 285-296.
3- V.K. Singh, P.K. Rai, A.K. Pathak, D.K. Tripathi, S.C. Singh, J.P. Singh, Application of Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to Biological Samples, Spectroscopy, 2017, 32(7), 41–47.
4- M.U. Takahiro, W.T. Sugiyamab, Applications of X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) to dental and medical specimens, Japanese Dental Science Review, 2015, 51(1), 2-9.
5- J. Börjesson, S. Mattsson Medical applications of X-ray fluorescence for trace element research, Powder Diffraction, 2007, 222, 130 -138.
6- H. Hu, F.L Milder, and D.E Burger, The use of K X-ray fluorescence for measuring lead burden in epidemiological studies: high and low lead burdens and measurement uncertainty, Environmental Health Perspect, 1991, 94: 107–110.
7- B. Pemmer, A. Roschger, A. Wastl, J.G. Hofstaetter, P. Wobrauschek , R. Simon, H.W. Thaler, P. Roschger, K. Klaushofer, C. Streli, Spatial distribution of the trace elements zinc, strontium and lead in human bone tissue, Bone, 2013, 57 184–193.
8- M. Jaishankar, T. Tseten, N. Anbalagan, B.B. Mathew, K.N. Beeregowda, Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals, Interdiscip Toxicol, 2014, 7(2): 60–72.
9- K. Maciejewska1, Z. Drzazga, M.Kaszuba, Role of trace elements (Zn, Sr, Fe) in bone development: Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence study of rat bone and tooth tissue, BioFactors, 425-435.
10- Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations. BOOK, 5. Methods for Assessing Exposure to Lead.
11- Kidney stone analysis techniques and the role of major and trace elements on their pathogenesis: a review Biophys Rev., 2014, 6(3-4), 291–310.
12- Occupational and Community Exposures to Toxic Metals: Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic. 1982, 137(6), 531–539.
13- L.M. Plum, L. Rink and H. Haase, The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2010, 7(4), 1342–1365.
14- Eagle III Micro XRF: Elemental Imaging Analysis, EDAX, The Application Notebook, Sepetember 2006.
15- F. Cozzi, G. Grˇzini ´ c, S. Cozzutto, P. Barbieri, M. Bovenzi, G. Adami, X-Ray Spectrom. 41 (2012) 34–41.
16- P. M. Wróbela, S. Bałaa, M. Czyzyckia, M. Golasikc,T. Librowskic, B. Ostachowicza, W. Piekoszewskic, A. Surówkaa, M. Lankosza, Combined micro-XRF and TXRF methodology for quantitative elemental imaging of tissue samples, Talanta, 2017, 162, 654–659.
17- M.J. Pushie, I.J. Pickering, M. Korbas, M.J. Hackett and G.N. George, Elemental and Chemically Specific X ray Fluorescence Imaging of Biological Systems, Chemical Reviews, 8499-8541.