Floral Differences of Conjunctiva in Patients with Renal Diseases

Floral Differences of Conjunctiva in Patients with Renal Diseases

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether conjunctival flora is different in patients with chronic renal disease (CR) among its subgroups and healthy subjects. Methods: A total of 105 adult CR patients; 35 hemodialysis (HD), 35 diabetic hemodialysis (DHD), 35 renal transplantation (RT), and 40 healthy subjects were enrolled. After ophthalmologic examination, a swab was taken from the lower fornix of the right eye using a cotton-tipped applicator and directly sub-cultured on 5% sheep’s blood agar, chocolate agar, and eosin methylene blue agar. Differences in both bacterial growth and flora diversity of the groups were compared. Results: The order of bacterial growth rates in the groups are RT 65%), DHD (57%), HD (56%), and control (48%). The RT group had a statistically significant difference from the control group (p

___

  • 1. Miller D, Iovieno A. The role of microbial flora on the ocular surface. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9(5):466-470.
  • 2. Lee SH, Oh DH, Jung JY, Kim JC, Jeon CO. Comparative ocular microbial communities in humans with and without blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53 (9):5585-5593.
  • 3. el-Naggar AM, Abo-Shousha E. Seasonal variations of bacterial flora of the conjunctival sac and their relation to infection of intra-ocular operations. Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt 1971; 64(68):339-344.
  • 4. Valdez-Garcia JE, Climent A, Chavez-Mondragon E, Lozano-Ramirez JF. Anterior chamber bacterial contamination in cataract surgery. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 30:14:57.
  • 5. Suto C, Morinaga M, Yagi T, Tsuji C, Toshida H. Conjunctival sac bacterial flora isolated prior to cataract surgery. Infect Drug Resist 2012; 5:37-41.
  • 6. Hsu HY, Lind JT, Tseng L, Miller D. Ocular flora and their antibiotic resistance patterns in the midwest: a prospective study of patients undergoing cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2013;155(1):36-44.e2.
  • 7. Mino De Kaspar H, Ta CN, Froehlich SJ, et al. Prospective study of risk factors for conjunctival bacterial contamination in patients undergoing intraocular surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009; 19:717-722.
  • 8. Mistlberger A1, Ruckhofer J, Raithel E, Muller M, Alzner E, Egger SF, Grabner G. Anterior chamber contamination during cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23(7):1064-1069.
  • 9. Leong JK, Shah R, McCluskey PJ, Benn RA, Taylor RF. Bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber during phacoemulsification cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28(5):826-833.
  • 10. Speaker MG, Milch FA, Shah MK, Eisner W, Kreiswirth BN. Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1991; 98(5):639-649.
  • 11. Ozdemir M, Bakaris S, Ozdemir G, Buyukbese MA, Cetinkaya A. Ocular surface disorders and tear function changes in patients with chronic renal failure. Can J Ophthalmol 2004; 39(5):526-532.
  • 12. Hori Y, Maeda N, Sakamoto M, Koh S, Inoue T, Tano Y. Bacteriologic profile of the conjunctiva in the patients with dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146:729-734.
  • 13. Balbaba M, Ulas F, Toplu SA. Effect of hemodialysis duration on conjunctival bacterial flora and susceptibility of conjunctival bacterial isolates to fluoroquinolones. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2013; 21(3):197-200.
  • 14. Cockerill FR, Wikler MA, Alder J, Dudley MN, Eliopoulos GM, Ferraro MJ, et al. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.2012. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved Standard 2H-2.
  • 15. Bakaris S, Ozdemir M, Isik IO, Buyukbese MA, Ozdemir G. Impression cytology changes and corneoconjunctival calcification in patients with chronic renal failure. Acta Cytol 2005;49(1):1-6.
  • 16. Graham JE, Moore JE, Jiru X, et al. Ocular pathogen or commensal: a PCR-based study of surface bacterial flora in normal and dry eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(12):5616-5623.
  • 17. Martins EN, Alvarenga LS, Hofling-Lima AL, et al. Aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora in diabetic patients. Cornea 2004;23(2):136-142.
  • 18. Yang C, Fei Y, Qin Y, et al. Bacterial Flora Changes in Conjunctiva of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Type I Diabetes. Zhou D, ed. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(7):e0133021.
  • 19. Gunduz G, Gunduz A, Polat N, Cumurcu BE, Yakupogulları Y. The Effect of Chronic Alcoholism on the Conjunctival Flora. Curr Eye Res 2015; 4:1-6.
  • 20. Ermis SS, Aktepe OC, Inan UU, Ozturk F, Altindis M. Effect of topical dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin on bacterial flora of healthy conjunctiva. Eye (Lond. 2004;18(3):249-52.
  • 21. Chen SY, Kuo MC, Wang PN, Lin TL, Ma DH. Study of conjunctival flora in patients after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and its correlation with tear secretion. Biomed J 2012;35(6):493-499.
  • 22. Gritz DC, Scott TJ, Sedo SF, Cevallos AV, Margolis TP, Whitcher JP. Ocular flora of patients with AIDS compared with those of HIV-negative patients. Cornea1997;16(4):400-005.
  • 23. Basaglia G.,et al. Catheter-Related Bacteremia Due to Kocuria kristinae in a Patient with Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40(1): 311–313.
  • 24. Savini V,et al. Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria Journal of Medical Microbiology 2010; 59:1395–1402.
  • 25. Kaya KE, Kurtoglu Y, Cesur S, et al. [Peritonitis due to Kocuria rosea in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis case.] Mikrobiyol Bul 2009; 43: 335-337. Turkish
  • 26. Altuntas F, Yildiz O, Eser B, Gundogan K, Sumerkan B, Cetin M. Catheter-related bacteremia due to Kocuria rosea in a patient undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4: 62.
  • 27. Purty S, Saranathan R, Prashanth K, et al.The expanding spectrum of human infections caused by Kocuria species:a case report and literature review. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2(10):e71.
  • 28. Boudewijns M, Vandeven J, Verhaegen J, Ben-Ami R, Carmeli Y. Vitek 2 automated identification system and Kocuria kristinae. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5832.
  • 29. Capriotti JA, Pelletier JS, Shah M, Caivano DM, Ritterband DC. Normal ocular flora in healthy eyes from a rural population in Sierra Leone. Int Ophthalmol 2009; 29(2):81-84.
  • 30. Aslan L. Prevention and Treatment of Bacterial Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery. Clin Anal Med 2014; 5(4): 353-357.