Nushe LAJÇİ, Milaim SADİKU, Xhemë LAJÇİ, Blerim BARUTİ, Sadija NİKSHİQ

Assessment of Major and Trace Elements of Fresh Water Springs in Village Pepaj, Rugova Region, Kosova

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Rugova Mountain Region, spring water, major and trace elements, drinking water quality, (ICP-OES)

Assessment of Major and Trace Elements of Fresh Water Springs in Village Pepaj, Rugova Region, Kosova

Water is essential to health however its purity and the mineral content are important for consumption by humans. In recent years, there has been an increasing global public health concern associated with drinking water contamination by major and trace chemical elements. In mountain Rugova Region the natural springs are the most important source of water for dinking and domestic uses. The aim of this study was to assess the major and trace elements of springs waters in the village Pepaj, Rugova. Springs waters were analysed for their major and trace elements in order to assess their water quality. The concentrations of major and trace elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). All results were compared with the drinking water standards of the EU (98/83/EC Directive), World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency. While concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Mo, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Al and Ba were within the permissible limit values, Na, Co, Se, Sr, Sb, Cd, As, Hg and Pb were not detected in waters of springs. The highest concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Mo, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Al and Ba were 67.96 mg/l, 1.242 mg/l, 0.912 mg/l, 0.037 mg/l, 0.001 mg/l, 0.192 mg/l, 0.885 mg/l, 0.011 mg/l, 0.032 mg/l, 0.015 mg/l, 0.0239 mg/l and 0.0174 mg/l, respectively. The findings revealed that there were no public health risk in view of major and trace elements concentration in waters of springs.

Keywords:

Rugova Mountain Region, spring water, major and trace elements, drinking water quality, (ICP-OES),

PDF

___

Antonjevic R, Pavic J, Karovic J, Menkovic L, (1978) Teksti sqarues i hartës gjeologjike 1:100000, Plansheti K34-53 Peje. APHA, (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st edi.). American Public Health Association, Washington, USA.

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), (2015). Toxic Substances Portal. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index. asp (accessed: Nov. 2015).

Chang LW, Magos L, Suzuki T, (1996) Toxicology of Metals. Boca Raton. FL, USA: CRC Press.

Eftimi, R., (2005) Hydrochemical characteristics of some lithologically different karst massifs of Albania. In: Int. Conference and Field Seminars. Water Resources and Environmental Problems in Karst, Cvijić. Belgrade, pp. 499-504.

Elinder CG, (1986) Zinc. In: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Editors: Friberg L, Nordberg GF, Vouk VB. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

EU’s drinking water standards, Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption, Adopted by the Council, on 3 Nov., 1998.

Goyer RA, (2001) Toxic effects of metals. In: Klaassen, CD., editor. Cassarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill Publisher; pp. 811-867.

He ZL, Yang XE, Stoffella PJ, (2005) Trace elements in agro ecosystems and impacts on the Environment. J. Trace Elem Med Biol., 19, pp. 125–140.

Lajçi N, Sadiku M, Lajçi Xh, Baruti B, Aliu M, (2017) Assessment of Physico-Chemical Quality of Fresh Water Springs in Village Pepaj, Rugova Region, Kosova. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, 12, pp. 73-81.

McDermid JM, Lönnerdal B, (2012) Iron. Adv Nutr., 3, pp. 532-533.

Meuli C, Wehrle K, (2001) Spring Catchment. St. Gallen: Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management (SKAT). Manuals on Drinking Water Supply, 4, pp. 1-20.

Natyra e Rugovës (2001) Shoqata për Mbrojtjën e Mjedisit, (Eko-Guide), Pejë, Kosova.

Rajeswari TR, Namburu S, (2014) Impact of heavy metals on environmental pollution. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, pp. 175-181.

Schroeder HA, Tipton IH, Nason P, (1972) Trace metals in man: strontium and barium. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 25, pp. 491–517. Strachan S, (2010) Points of view: nutrition, Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care, 21, pp. 44–48

Sunde RA, (2012) Selenium. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 225-37.

US EPA Method 6010C (2007) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry.

US EPA Method 3015 (1994) Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts.

US EPA, (2012), Drinking water standards and health advisories, from

http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/dwstandards2012.pdf

WHO (2003) Antimony in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHOGuidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/74).

WHO (2005) Mercury in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/10).

WHO (2009): Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking-water: Public health significance, Geneva. NLM classification: QV276

WHO (World Health Organization) 2008. Guidelines for drinking-water quality - Vol. 1: Recommendations Third edition, incorporating first and second addenda, Geneva.

WHO/FAO/IAEA. World Health Organization. Switzerland: Geneva; 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health.

Yamada K, (2013) “Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease”. In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences.