Ethiological, Clinical and Epidemiological Overview of Covid-19 Pandemia

The cause of COVID-19 disease has been named as the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is defined in the category of betaCOV viruses. The disease has been declared as a COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Coronaviruses (CoV) are viruses, some of which are zoonotic, have a crown-like appearance under an electron microscope and contain a single stranded RNA genetic material. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with people. Contagious from the presymptomatic period, COVID-19 can be presented with the symptoms of simple upper respiratory tract infection; it may as well cause severe disease characterized by severe respiratory failure. While the first step in radiological evaluation is x-ray, examination of the lungs with computed tomography has diagnostic value. Prevention is important because there is no medical treatment and immunization method specific to the disease. The most important factor in protection is to limit the exposure to the virus. Therefore, attention is constantly paid to the importance of personal protectors and hygiene.

Keywords:

Covid-19, Pandemia Coronaviruses,

PDF

___

1. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli, R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2020. Accessed July 4, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
2. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Guide. 2020. Accessed January, 2020, from https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/haberler/ncov/2019Cov_Hastal_Salk_alanlar_Rehberi.pdf
3. Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, at al. Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China. Cell Host & Microbe. 2020; 11; 27(3), 325–328. 4. Guo YR, Cao OD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, at al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020; 13;7(1), 11.
5. Yoshimoto FK. The Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2 or n COV19), the Cause of COVID 19. The Protein Journal. 2020; 39, 198–216.
6. Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, at al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2020; 5(1), 104.
7. Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Vessler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARSCoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020; 180, 281–292.
8. World Health Organization Scientific Brief. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Accessed March 29, 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causingcovid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
9. World Health Organization Interim Guidance. COVID-19 and food safety: guidance for food businesses. Accessed April 7, 2020, from https://www. who. int/publications-detail/covid-19-andfood-safety-guidance-for-food-businesses
10. Cheng VCC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Kwok YY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2007; 20(4), 660–694.
11. Mandavkar P. Coronavirus: Basic Information and Precautionary Measures. SSRN Electron. J. 2020. Accessed April 13, 2020, from https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3573881
12. Doremalen NV, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gambl A, Williamson BN, at al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N. Engl. J. Med.2020; 382(16), 1564-1567.
13. Kafetzopoulos DP, Psomas EL, Kafetzopoulos PD. Measuring the effectiveness of the HACCP Food Safety Management System. Food Control. 2013; 33: 2, 505–513. 14. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, Liu PP, Poutanen SM, Penninger JM, at al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009; 39 (7), 618–625.
15. Fyhrquist F, Saijonmaa O. Renin-angiotensin system revisited. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2008; 264, 224–236.
16. Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu L, Niu S, Song C, Zhang Z, at al. Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2. Cell. 2020; 181, 894–904.
17. Memikoğlu KO, Genç V. COVID-19. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 55-58. ISBN: 978- 605-136-477-3. Accessed November 11, 2020, from http://www.medicine.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/121/2020/05/COVID-19-Kitap.pdf
18. Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020; 55, 105954.
19. World Health Organization Situation Report. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 73. Accessed April 2, 2020, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf
20. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Guide. 2020. Accessed Agust, 2020, from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/covid-19-rehberi/COVID19_REHBERI_ERISKIN_HASTA_TEDAVISI.pdf
21. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Missionon Coronavirus Disease. 2019 (COVID-19). Accessed February 20, 2020, from https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-finalreport.pdf#:~:text=Using%20available%20preliminary%20data%2C,severe%20or%20critical%20 disease
22. World Health Organization. Immunity passports" in the context of COVID-19. Scientific Brief. Accessed April 24, 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/immunitypassports-in-the-context-of-covid-19
23. Yoon SH, Lee KH, Kim JY, Lee YK, Ko H, Kim KH, at al. Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Analysis of Nine Patients Treated in Korea. Korean J Radiol. 2020; 21(4), 494-500.
24. Guan CS, Wei LG, Xie RM, Lv ZB, Yan S, Zhang ZX, at al. CT findings of COVID-19 in follow-up: comparison between progression and recovery. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2020; 26, 301–307.
25. Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. European Society of Radiology. 2020; 30, 4381–4389.
26. Çinkooğlu A, Hepdurgun C, Bayraktaroğlu S, Ceylan N, Savaş R. CT imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia: initial experience from Turkey. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2020; 26, 308–314.
27. Gezer NS, Ergan B, Barış MM, Apak Ö, Sayıner AA, Balcı P, at al. COVID-19 S: A new proposal for diagnosis and structured reporting of COVID-19 on computed tomography imaging. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2020; 26, 315–322.
28. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Situation Report – 115. Accessed May 14, 2020, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200514-covid-19-sitrep-115.pdf?sfvrsn=3fce8d3c_6