The comparative effects of local anaesthetics on wound healing in rats: Bupivacaine vs Levobupivacaine
The comparative effects of local anaesthetics on wound healing in rats: Bupivacaine vs Levobupivacaine
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of local anaesthetic agents (bupivacaine and levobupivacaine) on wound healing in rats. Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n=10 per group); the control group, the bupivacaine group, and the levobupivacaine group. An incision measuring 5 cm in length was made over the dorsum in all groups. The incisions were infiltrated with 3 ml of normal saline in the control group, 3 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine in the bupivacaine group, and 3 ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine in the levobupivacaine group. Histopathological examinations and tensile strength measurements were performed on tissue samples taken from the incision line 14 days after infiltration. Epidermal and dermal regeneration scores were significantly lower in the levobupivacaine group compared with the bupivacaine and control groups (p
___
- Bouaziz, H., Iohom, G., Estebe, J.-P., Campana, W., Myers, R., 2005. Effects of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine on rat sciatic nerve blood flow. Br. J. Anaesth. 95, 696-700. doi:10.1093/bja/aei242.
- Brower, M. C., Johnson, M. E., 2003. Adverse effects of local anesthetic infiltration on wound healing. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 28, 233-240.
- Buggy, D., 2000. Can anaesthetic management influence surgical-wound healing? The Lancet. 356, 355-357. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(00)02523-X.
- Chvapil, M., Hameroff, S. R., O'Dea, K., Peacock, E. E., 1979. Local anesthetics and wound healing. J. Surg. Res. 27, 367-371. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90155-0.
- Demiraran, Y., Ozturk, O., Guclu, E., Iskender, A., Ergin, M. H. Tokmak, A., 2008. Vasoconstriction and analgesic efficacy of locally infiltrated levobupivacaine for nasal surgery. Anesth. Analg. 106, 1008-1011. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31816174c3.
- Dere, K., Sen, H., Teksoz, E., Ozkan, S., Dagli, G., Sucullu, I., Filiz, A. I., Ipcioglu, O. M., Kucukodaci, Z., 2009. The comparison of the effects of different doses of levobupivacaine infiltration on wound healing. J. Invest. Surg. 22, 112-116. doi: 10.1080/08941930802713019.
- Engin, C., 1998. Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on wound contraction in denervated and normal rat skin: A preliminary report. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 101, 1887-1890.
- Ergil, J., Akkaya, T., Gozaydin, O., Gunsoy, B., Alicura, S., Aladag, E., Gumus, H. Akin, I., 2012. Vasoconstrictive and analgesic efficacy of locally infiltrated levobupivacaine in tonsillectomy patients. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76, 1429-1433.doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.06.016.
- Ergil, J., Kertmen, H., Sayın, M., Gürer, B., Yılmaz, E. R., Özkan, D., Arıkök, A. T., Kanat, M. A., Şekerci, Z., 2015. Experimental research vasoconstrictive effects of levobupivacaine on the basilar artery in the rabbit. Arch. Med. Sci. 11, 654-659. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2015.52372.
- Foster, R. H., Markham, A., 2000. Levobupivacaine: A review of its pharmacology and use as a local anaesthetic. Drugs. 59, 551- 579. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200059030-00013.
- Gercek, A., Yildirim, O., Konya, D., Bozkurt, S., Ozgen, S., Kilic, T., Sav, A., Pamir, N., 2007. Effects of parenteral fish-oil emulsion (Omegaven) on cutaneous wound healing in rats treated with dexamethasone. J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 31, 161-166. doi: 10.1177/0148607107031003161.
- McGuire, L., Heffner, K., Glaser, R., Needleman, B., Malarkey, W., Dickinson, S., Lemeshow, S., Cook, C., Muscarella, P., Melvin, W. S., 2006. Pain and wound healing in surgical patients. Ann. Behav. Med. 31, 165-172. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3102_8.
- Newton, D. J., Burke, D., Khan, F., McLeod, G. A., Belch, J. J., McKenzie, M., Bannister, J., 2000. Skin blood flow changes in response to intradermal injection of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine, assessed by laser Doppler imaging. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 25, 626-631.
- Newton, D., McLeod, G., Khan, F., Belch, J., 2005. Vasoactive characteristics of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine with and without adjuvant epinephrine in peripheral human skin. Br. J. Anaesth. 94, 662-667. doi: 10.1093/bja/aei095.
- O'Sullivan, R. L., Lipper, G., Lerner, E. A., 1998. The neuro-immuno-cutaneous-endocrine network: Relationship of mind and skin. Arch. Dermatol. 134, 1431-1435. doi: 10.1001/archderm.134.11.1431.
- Schmelz, M., Petersen, L. J., 2001. Neurogenic inflammation in human and rodent skin. News Physiol. Sci. 16, 33-37.
- Scott, N., 2010. Wound infiltration for surgery. Anaesthesia. 65, 67-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06241.x.
- Shim, H.S., Ok, S.H., Lee, S. H., Kwon, S.C., Sohn, J.T., 2012. Protein kinases participate in the contraction in response to levobupivacaine in the rat aorta. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 677, 131-137. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.023.
- Singer, A. J., Epstein, F. H., Clark, R. A., 1999. Cutaneous wound healing. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 738-746.
- Smith, P. G. Liu, M., 2002. Impaired cutaneous wound healing after sensory denervation in developing rats: Effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell Tissue Res. 307, 281-291. doi: 10.1007/s00441-001-0477-8.
- Vasseur, P., Paul, H., Dybdal, N., Crumley, L., 1984. Effects of local anesthetics on healing of abdominal wounds in rabbits. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 2385-2388.
- Waite, A., Gilliver, S., Masterson, G., Hardman, M., Ashcroft, G., 2010. Clinically relevant doses of lidocaine and bupivacaine do not impair cutaneous wound healing in mice. Br. J. Anaesth. 104, 768-773. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeq093.
- Whiteman, A., Bajaj, S., Hasan, M., 2011. Novel techniques of local anaesthetic infiltration. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care 11, 167-171. doi: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr026.
- Yaprak, M., 2008. The axon reflex. Neuroanatomy. 7, 17.
- Zeren, S., Kesici, S., Kesici, U., Isbilir, S., Turkmen, U. A., Ulusoy, H., Karpuz, V., Ozcan, O., Polat, E., Ipcioglu, O. M., 2013. Effects of levobupivacaine on wound healing. Anesth. Analg. 116, 495-499. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318273f48e.