Kalsifikasyondan sorumlu nanopartiküller (nanobakteriler)

Kalsifikasyondan sorumlu nanopartiküller (KNP) bilinen bakterilerden daha küçük (80-500 nm), bakterilere benzer özellikler (membran yapıları, ikiye bölünme, koloni oluşumu) gösteren partiküllerdir. KNP’ler insan ve hayvan serumlarında, insanlarda görülen patolojik kalsifikasyonlarda (böbrek taşları, dental pulpa taşları, kalp kapağı kalsifikasyonları, arter kalsifikasyonları, over kanserinde görülen psammoma cisimcikleri vs.), doğadaki kalsifikasyonlarda (travertenler vs.), Mars meteorlarında gösterilmişlerdir. KNP’ler Dulbecco’ nun modifiye eagle besiyeri (DMEM) ile yapılan hücre kültürlerinde üreme özelliği göstermekte transmisyon ve scanning elektron mikroskoplar (TEM, SEM) ile incelenebilmektedir. Önceleri KNP’ler kalsiyum fostat kristallerini kapsüllerine çökelterek kalsifikasyonlara neden olan küçük bakteriler (nanobakteriler) olarak biliniyordu. Son yıllarda KNP’lerin mineral ve proteinden oluşan kompleks yapılar oldukları görüşü önem kazanmıştır. Bu görüşe göre fizyolojik koşullarda kalsifikasyon inhibitörü olarak bilinen albumin, fetuin gibi proteinler; ortamda aşırı derecede kalsiyum, fosfor varlığında KNP’lerin kalsifikasyon nidusu olarak işlev görmesine ve hidroksi apatit kristallerinin oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. KNP’lerle ilgili bilinenlere rağmen bilinmeyenler halen çoğunluktadır. Biz de bu makalemiz ile patolojik kalsifikasyonlarda rolleri olduğu düşünülen KNP’lerle ilgili yeni çalışmaların gerekliliğini vurgulamayı amaçladık.

Nanoparticles (nanobacteria) responsible from calcification

Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs) are particles smaller (80-500nm) than known bacteria and have bacteria-like features (membrane structures, in two division, colony formation). CNPs have shown in human and animal sera, human’s pathological calcifications (kidney stones, dental pulp stones, heart valve calcifications, arterial calcifications, psammoma bodies in ovarian cancer, etc.), the nature’s calcifications (travertines, etc.) and Mars meteors. CNPs are able to grow in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), can be examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopes (TEM, SEM). Previously CNPs were known as small bacteria (nanobacteria) that cause calcifications by precipitating calcium and phosphate crystals into the capsules. In recent years, the opinion that CNPs are complex structures consisting of protein and minerals has become more important. According to this opinion some proteins (such as albumin, fetuin) known as the physiological inhibitor of calcification cause to work CNPs as a nidus for calcification and the formation of hydroxy apatite crystals. Despite the known, unknowns are still the majority about CNPs. We also aimed to emphasize with this article, the need for new studies about CNPs that are thought to have the roles in pathological calcifications.

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