Investigation of the cellular mechanisms of actions of digoxin and monensin by using guinea-pig papillary muscles

Intensive and dwarfed fruit apple fruit production is getting common for last ten years in Turkey. Modern apple production has brought an important level with the contribution of some private sectors in Karaman, Isparta, Konya, Niğde and Denizli where apple production is common. It is still not desired level due to improper cultural applications such as irrigation, fertilization and especially in pruning. Among the cultural applications which effect the yield and fruit quality, pruning and training of trees are the most important. Although pruning application is getting common over producers, these applications are still not modern pruning systems as desired. Training and pruning are such a techniques that several factors such rootstock, cultivar, planting density and support systems are need to be considered all together, Among them, pruning is the most important and sophisticated factor. When the producers give enough importance on pruning, they will observe improvements both in yield and fruit quality.

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