İnsanlarda kene ile bulaşan hastalık etkenleri ve Türkiye’deki mevcut durumu

Vektörler ve vektörler ile bulaşan hastalık etkenleri önemli problemlere neden olurlar. Keneler memeli, kuş ve sürüngenler gibi pek çok canlının kanıyla beslenen vektörlerdir. Keneler kan emmeleri esnasında 200 kadar virüs, bakteri, riketsiya, spiroket, protozoon ve helmint türlerini nakledebilirler. Kenelerin insanlara naklettiği başlıca hastalık etkenleri; Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi virusu, kene kaynaklı ensefalit virusu, Powassan ensefalit virusu, Kyasanur orman hastalık virusu, Colorado kene ateşi virusu, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis ve Rickettsia rickettsii’dir. İnsanlara kenelerle bulaşan mikrobiyal hastalık etkenleri; oluşturduğu hastalık, vektör, epidemiyoloji, belirtiler, tanı ve tedavi bakımından bu derlemede özetlenmiş ve Türkiye’deki mevcut durumu sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kene, kene ile bulaşan hastalık etkenleri, mevcut durum, Türkiye

Tick-borne diseases agents in humans and current situation in Turkey

Vectors and vector-borne diseases agents cause significant problems. Ticks are blood feeding vectors on many living creatures such as mammals, birds and reptiles. Ticks can transmit up to 200 viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, spirochetes, protozoa and helminth species during blood sucking. The main diseases agents that ticks transmit to humans are; Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Powassan encephalitis virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, Colorado tick fever virus, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Rickettsia rickettsii. Microbial pathogens transmitted by ticks to humans in terms of caused diseases, vector, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment were summarized in this review and current situation in Turkey presented.

Keywords:

Tick, Turkey, Tick-borne diseases agents, current situation,

PDF

___

Inci, A., Yildirim, A., Duzlu, O., Doganay, M., Aksoy, S. (2016a). Tick-Borne Diseases in Turkey: A Review Based on One Health Perspective. PLoSNegl Trop Dis, 10(12):e0005021.
Dumanlı, N., Altay, K., Aktaş, M. (2016). Keneler ve kenelerle taşınan hastalıklar. Manas J Agr Vet Life Sci, 6(2), 45-54.
İnci, A., Yıldırım, A., Düzlü, O. (2016b). The Current Status of Ticks in Turkey: A 100-Year Period Review from 1916 to 2016. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 40, 152-7.
Dantas-Torres, F., Chomel, B.B., Otranto, D. (2012). Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a One Health perspective. Trends Parasitol, 28(10), 437-46.
Vatansever, Z. Vektör kenelerin ekolojisi, II. Türkiye Zoonotik Hastalıklar Sempozyumu (Kene Kaynaklı Enfeksiyonlar), Ankara, 2008, 27-36.
Estrada-Peña, A., de la Fuente, J. (2014). The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases. Antiviral Res, 108, 104-28.
Dumanlı, N., Altay, K., Aydin, M.F. (2012). Tick Species of Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Turkey. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci, 3(2), 67-72.
Aydin, M.F., Aktas, M., Dumanli, N. (2012). Tick Infestations on Sheep and Goats in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18(Suppl-A), 17-22.
Aktas, M., Vatansever, Z. (2014). Biology of Ixodid Ticks and Tick Species in Turkey. Turkiye Klinikleri J Inf Dis-Special Topics, 7(2), 1-8.
Aydin, M.F., Dumanli, N. (2017). Knowledge Levels Regarding Ticks and Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Among Veterinarians, Nurses and Nursing Students. Van Vet J, 28(1), 31-5.
Gargılı, A. (2009). Kenelerin Vektörlüğü ve Türkiye’de Durum. ANKEM Derg; 23(Ek2), 249-52.
Whitehouse, C.A. (2004). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res, 64(3), 145-60.
Tonbak, S., Aktas, M., Altay, K., et al. (2006). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: genetic analysis and tick survey in Turkey. J Clin Microbiol, 44(11), 4120-4.
Vatansever, Z., Uzun, R., Estrada-Pena, A., Ergonul, O. (2007). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA (ed’s), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a global perspective. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer, 59-74.
Elaldı, N. (2004). Kırım-Kongo Hemorajik Ateş Epidemiyolojisi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(4), 185-90.
Ergönül, Ö. (2016). Kirim-Kongo Kanamali Atesi Tedavisi ve Ribavirin Kullanimi. Klimik Dergisi, 29(1), 2-9.
Aktaş, O., Aydın, H. (2017). Güncel Literatür Işığında Kene Kaynaklı Viral Patojenlere Genel Bir Bakış. Türk Mikrobiyal Cem Derg, 47(4), 151-9.
Başbulut, A., Gözala, E., Sönmez, A., ve ark. (2012). Samsun Kırsalında Borrelia burgdorferi ve Kene Ensefaliti Virusu Seroprevalansının Araştırılması. Mikrobiyol Bul, 46(2), 247-56.
Öktem, M.A. (2009). Hanta virus ve Kene ile Bulaşan Ensefalit Virusu İnfeksiyonları ANKEM Derg, 23(Ek 2), 245-8.
Pesko, N., Torres-Perez, F., Hjelle, L., Ebel, D. (2010). Molecular epidemiology of Powassan virus in North America. J Gen Virol, 91(11), 2698-705.
Hermance, M.E., Thangamani, S. (2015). Tick saliva enhances Powassan virus transmission to the host, influencing its dissemination and the course of disease. J Virol, 89(15), 7852-60.
Shah, S.Z., Jabbar, B., Ahmed, N., et al. (2018). Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of a Tick-Borne Disease- Kyasanur Forest Disease: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 8, 149.
Napthine, S., Yek, C., Powell, L., Brown, K., Brierley, I. (2012). Characterization of the stop codon read through signal of Colorado tick fever virus segment 9 RNA. RNA, 18(2), 241-52.
Rożej-Bielicka, W., Stypułkowska-Misiurewicz, H., Gołąb, E. (2015). Human babesiosis. Przegl Epidemiol, 69, 489-94.
Aydin, M.F., Aktas, M., Dumanli, N. (2015). Molecular identification of Theileria and Babesia in ticks collected from sheep and goats in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Parasitol Res, 114(1), 65-9.
Kjemtrup, A.M., Conrad, P.A. (2000). Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease. Int J Parasitol, 30, 1323-37.
Nuhoğlu, İ., Aydın, M., Türedi, S., Gündüz, A., Topbaş, M. (2008). Kene İle Bulaşan Hastalıklar. TAF Prev Med Bull, 7(5), 461-8.
İnci, A., Düzlü, Ö. (2009). Vektörler ve Vektörlerle Bulaşan Hastalıklar. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 53-63.
Sen, E. (2006). Lyme hastalığının epidemiyolojisi Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 36(1), 55-66.
Güneş, R., Kılıç, S., Yorulmaz, A., Artüz, F., Kayaçetin, S. (2017). Eritema kronikum migrans: Avrupa kökenli iki olgu. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi, 10(3), 270-2.
Sanchez, E., Vannier, E., Wormser, G.P., Hu, L.T. (2016). Diagnosis, treatment, andprevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: a review. Jama, 315(16), 1767-77.
Hestvik, G., Warns-Petit, E., Smith, L.A., et al. (2015). The status of tularemia in Europe in a one-health context: a review. Epidemiol Infect, 143(10), 2137-60.
Aktas, M., Vatansever, Z., Altay, K., Aydin, M.F., Dumanli, N. (2010). Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilium in Ixodes ricinus from Turkey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 104(1), 10-5.
Gazyağcı, A.N., Aydenizöz, M. (2010). Keneler ve Kenelerin Taşıdığı Bazı Önemli Hastalıklar. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 34(2), 131-6.
Vatansever, Z., Gargili, A., Aysul, N.S., Sengoz, G., Estrada-Peña, A. (2008). Ticks biting humans in the urban area of Istanbul. Parasitol Res, 102, 551-3.
Gargili, A., Kar, S., Yılmazer, N., et al. (2010). Evaluation of ticks biting humans in Thrace Province, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16(A), 141-6.
Bakirci, S., Aysul, N., Eren, H., Unlu, A.H., Karagenc, T. (2014). Diversity of ticks biting humans in Aydın province of Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 61:93-8.
Aydin, M.F., Kocaman, H. (2015). Evaluation of tick bites according to anatomical regions on humans in the light of the studies in Turkey. Balikesir Saglik Bil Derg, 4(2), 122-4.
Aydin, M.F. (2015). A Preliminary Study for Determining Tick Species Attached Humans in Bitlis Province of Turkey. FÜ Sağ Bil Vet Derg, 29(1), 19-21.
Leblebicioglu, H., Ozaras, R., Irmak, H., Sencan, I. (2016). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: Current status and future challenges. Antiviral Res, 126, 21-34.
Sayin, F., Dincer, S., Cakmak, A., et al. (1997). Tick-borne diseases in Turkey. Trop Anim Hlth Prod, 29:535.
İnci, A., Doğanay, M., Özdarendeli, A., Düzlü, Ö., Yıldırım, A. (2018). Overview of Zoonotic Diseases in Turkey: The One Health Concept and Future Threats. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 42, 39-80.
Orkun, O., Karaer, Z., Cakmak, A., Nalbantoglu, S. (2014). Identification of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Feeding on Humans in Turkey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 8(8): e3067.
Duzlu, O., Yildirim, A., Inci, A., et al. (2016). Molecular investigation of francisella-like endosymbiont in ticks and Francisella tularensis in ixodid ticks and mosquitoes in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 16(1), 26-32.