Turkey’s Health Diplomacy

Turkey’s Health Diplomacy

This article discusses the instrumentalization of the field of health in foreign politics by countries for building a positive image in the international society. After the 1970s, health diplomacy emerged as one of the tools to gain influence using soft power. The author explains the concept of health diplomacy, its development, and widespread use with the historical background. The British School of International Relations gave the theory of ‘International Society’, which has been elaborated in the current context. A comprehensive rationalization of the concept of health diplomacy in light of the ‘International Society’ approach provided in the present article may help policymakers to exploit this field fully. Subsequently, the 4 tools of health diplomacy, namely health assistance activities, health-professionals training programs and relief activities, health tourism, and trade of health care products in present-day conditions, are discussed and examined, with practical examples from Turkey’s efforts at using health activities for achieving diplomatic goals. Eventually, the need to revolutionize foreign policy tools in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic has been discussed, based on data relevant to Turkey’s foreign policy goals.

___

  • Akbaba, T. (2018). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Afganistan’a Eğitim Alanındaki Katkıları (1. Baskı), Hiper Yayın Evi: İstanbul.
  • Andrew F. C. & Heine, J. (Ed.). (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Thakur, R., “The Challenges of 21st- Century Diplomacy” (1st edition), Oxford University Press: Croydon. 9-530
  • Bourne, P. G, (1978). A partnership for international health care, Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 93(2), 114–123.
  • Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, Macmillan, London.
  • Buzan, B. (2014). An Introduction to The English School OF International Relations, Polity Press, London.
  • Çankaya. A, Gür.F, Candan.A & Kumcu.S, (2004). Türkiye Kalkinma Yardimlari Raporu, TİKA, Ankara.
  • Çankaya.A, Füsun. G, Tarık. M, Leyla. E, Şafak. Ö, Sedat. K, & Zeynep. A. (2006). Türkiye Kalkinma Yardimlari Raporu, TİKA, Ankara.
  • Comfort, Louise K. (2000). Disaster: Agent of Diplomacy or Change in International Affairs?, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 14 (1): 277–78
  • Constantinou, C.M, Pauline K. and Sharp P. (Ed.), (2016). The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, Rebecca, N. “The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy”, Sage Publication, London, pp.1-33
  • Dalen, James E., and Joseph S. Alpert. (2019). Medical Tourists: Incoming and Outgoing, American Journal of Medicine, 132 (1): 9–10
  • Fauci, Anthony S., (2007). The Expanding Global Health Agenda: A Welcome Development, Nature Medicine, 13 (10): pp.1169–71
  • Fidler, D. P., (2005). Health as Foreign Policy, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 5(25) pp. 179–94
  • Global Observatory on Donation and Transplation. Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation Activities in The World (2020). http://www.transplant-observatory.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020
  • Gür, F. Oral, M. Erdek, L. Özdemir, Ş. Bıçaklı, İ. Kaygusuz, M. Atalay, N., YILDIZ, N (2010) (Editör)., TÜRKİYE Kalkinma Yardimlari, Türk İşbirliği Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Gür, F. Oral, M. RUTBİL, E. Erdek, L. Kaygusuz, M. Ercan, Z. ve Mete, T., TİKA (2007). FAALİYET RAPORU TİKA, Ankara.
  • Gür, F. Oral, RUTBİL, E. Erdek, L. Çolak, Ö. Ercan, Z. Çalık, S. ve Kaygusuz, M. (2008). Türkiye Kalkınma Yardımları Raporu, TİKA, Ankara.
  • https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/30148,ingilizcesiydijiv1pdf.pdf?0 Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2021
  • https://kutuphane.ttk.gov.tr/details?id=520997&materialType=KT&query=Soysal%2C+%C4%B0smail.Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2021
  • Kuneralp, S. (1989). Studies on Turkish Arab Relations, TAİV, Istanbul,
  • Lee, K. and Richard S., (2011). A Conceptual Review ‘What is Global Health Diplomacy’?, GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE, 5(1): pp.1-13
  • Ministry of Economy (2018), Turkey Medical Devices and Supplies Industry, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Economy, Ankara.
  • Novotny, E. Thomas, Kickbusch, Ilona and Told, Michale (Ed.), (2013). 21st Century Global Health Diplomacy, Kickbusch, I., “21st Century Health Diplomacy: A New Relationship Between Foreign Policy and Health”, World Scientific, pp.1-40
  • Nye, J. S., (2017) Yumuşak Güç, BB101 Yayın Evi, Ankara,
  • OECD (2019), Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020 https://doi.org/10.1787/9a58c83f-en.
  • OECD DATA (2020) Health Care Use - Computed Tomography (CT) Exams, OECD, https://data.oecd.org/healthcare/computed-tomography-ct-exams.htm#indicator-chart. Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020
  • OECD DATA (2020), ODA by Sector Humanitarian Aid, OECD, https://doi.org/10.1787/a5a1f674-en.
  • Olcay, E. (2016). Healthcare Resource Guide: Turkey, https://2016.export.gov/ Erişim Tarihi: 1.11.2019
  • ORTIZ, E., and DIANA B. (2020). How and Why Should We Study ‘Economic Complexity’? https://ourworldindata.org/how-and-why-econ-complexity. Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2018
  • Panzac,D.(2018). Osmanlı Donanması (1527 - 1923),Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry (2014). Healthcare Industry in Turkey, Investment Support and Promotion Agency of Turkey-ISPAT, Ankara.
  • Sancak, K. (2016). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç Kavramı ve Yumuşak Güç (1. baskı), Nobel Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Sigorta Bilgi ve Gözetim Merkezi. (2018), SAGMER İSTATİSTİKLERİ, İstanbul.
  • Sigorta Bilgi ve Gözetim Merkezi. (2018), SAGMER İSTATİSTİKLERİ, İstanbul.
  • Sigorta Bilgi ve Gözetim Merkezi. (2019), SAGMER İSTATİSTİKLERİ, İstanbul.
  • Sigorta Bilgi ve Gözetim Merkezi. (2012). SAGMER İSTATİSTİKLERİ 2012, İstanbul.
  • Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. Sorumluluk ve Vizyon: 2014 Yılına Girerken Türk Dış Politikası,http://sam.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2018
  • T.C Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2019). Türkiye’nin Kalkınma İşbirliği: Genel Özellikleri Ve En Az Gelişmiş Ülkelere Yönelik Yaklaşımı, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiyenin-kalkinma-isbirligi.tr.mfa Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2019
  • T.C Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2019). Yurtdışı Teşkilatı, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/yurtdisi-teskilati.tr.mfa Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019
  • The World Bank (2017). Physicians (per 1,000 people) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.Z Erişim Tarihi: 08.09.2019
  • The World Bank (2019) Physicians (per 1,000 people), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS Erişim Tarihi: 08.09.2019
  • TİKA, Türkiye Kalkınma Yardımları 2005, Ankara, 2005.
  • TİKA, Türkiye Kalkınma Yardımları 2018, Ankara, 2018.
  • TİKA (2020) TİKA TARİHÇE. https://www.tika.gov.tr/tr/sayfa/tarihce-222 Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2020
  • Tourism Breau (2018). Taiwan2018turizmstatics, Tourism Breau of Taiwan, Taipei, 2019.
  • TUİK (2020) Türkiye Sağlık Personeli Sayısı Gelişimi (2002-2018), TUİK, Ankara.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ekonomi Bakanlığı,(2013) Medikal Sektörü Gelecek Araştırması 2015-2023 Hedefler- Stratejiler Sonuç Raporu, İKMİB, Antalya.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (2018). Sağlik İstati̇sti̇kleri̇ Yıllığı 2017, Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • United Nations Comtrade. (2019) Afrika Alman Sağlık Ticareti 2013-2018, https://comtrade.un.org/data/ Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2019
  • United Nations Comtrade (2019). Arap Alman Sağlık Ticareti 2007-2018, https://comtrade.un.org/data/ Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2019
  • United Nations Comtrade (2019). Turkey Medical Products Export To Central Asia, https://comtrade.un.org/data/ Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2019
  • United Nations Comtrade.(2020) Türkiye Sağlık Sektörü 2010-2018, United Nations, New York.
  • URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.06.022 Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2020
  • URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570008400342. Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2018
  • URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1431875/ Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2019
  • Yıldırım, H. H., Karsavuran S., Özer Ö., ve Kaya, S. (2013). Türkiye Medikal Turizm Değerlendirme Raporu 2013, T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • YÖK. 2017- 2018 Yabancı Uyruklu Öğrenci Sayısı, 2018, https://yok.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 3.04.2019
  • YÖK. 2018 - 2019 Yabancı Uyruklı Öğrenci Kayıt Sayısı, 2019, https://yok.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 3.04.2019
  • Youde, J. (2012) Global Health Governance (1st edition), Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı (2020) Türkiye Bursları, https://www.ytb.gov.tr/uluslararasi-ogrenciler/turkiye-burslari. Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2020