Numerical Flexibility Practices in Working Relations and Their Effects on Intergenerational Solidarity Processes

Numerical Flexibility Practices in Working Relations and Their Effects on Intergenerational Solidarity Processes

This study examines the interactions between the numerical flexibility practices emerging in today’s working relations and intergenerational solidarity relations and in this context aims to describe in depth the effect these practices have on these relations. This study is structured within the framework of the phenomenological design, a qualitative research method, with data being collected using semi-structured interview forms. The study uses the program MAXQDA Pro Analytics 2020 to analyze the data and conducted three-stage thematic coding to form code co-occurrence clusters. According to the analysis results, i) numerical flexibility practices in working relationships are multidimensional in terms of how they reflect onto individuals and are closely related to the precariousness of work conditions, ii) flexible work hours affect individuals’ functional and associational sharing with their parents, and iii) individuals’ consensual status with their parents regarding work shapes the processes of affectual solidarity. The interaction of normative solidarity in the cultural context is seen to be a crucial factor for making sense of the solidarity process, with normative solidarity’s interaction with material resources possibly being the cause of solidarity processes taking different than expected forms.

___

  • Adıbelli, D., Türkoğlu, N., & Kılıç, D. (2014). Öğrenci hemşirelerin yaşlılığa ilişkin görüşleri ve yaşlılara karşı tutumları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 2–8. google scholar
  • Ahituv, A., & Lerman, R. I. (2010). Job turnover, wage rates, and marital stability: How are they related? Review of Economics of the Household, 9(2), 221–249. google scholar
  • Anderson, G., Brosnan, P., & Walsh, P. (1994). Flexibility, casualization and externalization in the New Zealand workforce. Journal of Industrial Relations, 36(4), 491–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600403 google scholar
  • Atkinson, J., & Meager, N. (1986). Changing working patterns: How companies achieve flexibility to meet new needs. Institute of Manpower Studies, National Economic Development Office, London. google scholar
  • Belek, İ. (2010). Esnek üretim derin sömürü. Yazılama Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Bengston, V. L., & Mangen, D. J. (1988). Family intergenerational solidarity revisited. In V. L. Bengston & D. J. Mangen (Eds.), Measurement of intergenerational relations (pp. 222–238). Sage. google scholar
  • Bengston, V. L., & Martin, P. (2001). Families and intergenerational relationships in aging societies: Comparing the United States with German-speaking countries. Zeitschrift Für Gerontologie Und Geriatrie, 34(3), 207–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003910170065 google scholar
  • Bengtson, V. L., & Black, K. D. (1973). Intergenerational relations and continuities in socialization. Life-Span Developmental Psychology, 207–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-077150-9.50015-0 google scholar
  • Bengtson, V. L., & Oyama, P. S. (2010). Intergenerational solidarity and conflict. Intergenerational Solidarity, 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115484_3 google scholar
  • Bengtson, V. L., & Schrader, S. S. (1982). Parent-child relations. Research Instruments in Social Gerontology, 2, 115–186. google scholar
  • Bengtson, V. L., & Murray, T. (1993). Justice” across generations (and cohorts): Sociological perspectives on the life course and reciprocities over time. Justice across generations: What does it mean, 111–138. google scholar
  • Bengtson, V. L., & Roberts, R. E. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(4), 856–870. https://doi.org/10.2307/352993 google scholar
  • Bentolila, S., & Dolado, J. J. (1994). Labour flexibility and wages: Lessons from Spain. Economic Policy, 9(18), 53–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1344458 google scholar
  • Bora, A., Bora, T., Erdoğan, N., & Üstün, İ. (2012). Boşuna mı okuduk. İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bowden, B. (2018). Work, wealth, and postmodernism. Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Caballero, R. J., Cowan, K. N., Engel, E. M., & Micco, A. (2004). Effective labor regulation and microeconomic flexibility. National Bureau of Economic Research, 101, 92–104. google scholar
  • Campbell, D., Carruth, A., Dickerson, A., & Green, F. (2007). Job insecurity and wages. The Economic Journal, 117(518), 544–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02029.x google scholar
  • Casey, B., Keep, E., & Mayhew, K. (1999). Flexibility, quality and competitiveness. National Institute Economic Review, 168(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/002795019916800108 google scholar
  • Castells, M. (1997). The information age: Economy, society and culture: The power of identity, Vol. II., Blackwell. google scholar
  • Charles, N., & James, E. (2003). The gender dimensions of job insecurity in a local labour market. Work, Employment and Society, 17(3), 531–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170030173007 google scholar
  • Conley, H. (2008). The nightmare of temporary work: A comment on Fevre. Work, Employment and Society, 22(4), 731–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017008096744 google scholar
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage. google scholar
  • Crimmins, E. M., & Ingegneri, D. G. (1990). Interaction and living arrangements of older parents and their children: Past trends, present determinants, future implications. Research on Aging, 12(1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027590121001 google scholar
  • Çelik, K. (2008). ‘My state is my father’: Youth unemployment experiences under the weak state welfare provisions of Turkey. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(4), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260802106191 google scholar
  • Dahrendorf, R. (1988). The modern social conflict. An essay on the politics of liberty. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. google scholar
  • Dowd, J. J. (1975). Aging as exchange: A preface to theory. Journal of Gerontology, 30(5), 584–594 google scholar
  • Duruoğlu, T. (2007). Emek piyasasında cinsiyetçi ücret ayrımı: Bursa Organize sanayi bölgesinde bir araştırma. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 24, 61–76. google scholar
  • Emmons Allison, J., Herrera, J. S., Struna, J., & Reese, E. (2018). The matrix of exploitation and temporary employment: Earnings inequality among Inland Southern California’s blue-collar warehouse workers, Journal of Labor and Society, 21(4), 533–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/wusa.12366 google scholar
  • EPCEC, & European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic. (2002). Annual Report on google scholar Structural Reforms (No. 167). Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Famighetti, R. (Eds.). (1995). The world Almanac and book of facts. World Almanac. google scholar
  • Fuchs, M., & Kempermann, H. (2012). Flexible specialization-Thirty years after the, second industrial divide: Lessons from the German mechanical engineering industry in the crisis 2008 to 2010. Industrial Transition. New Global-Local Patterns of Production, Work, and Innovation, 65–79. google scholar
  • Huws, U. (2006). The transformation of work in a global knowledge economy: Towards a conceptual framework. Workpackage 3: Theories and Concepts. Work Organisation and Restructuring in the Knowledge Society-WORKS Project. google scholar
  • ILO. A. (2008). Global employment trends for youth October 2008, International Labour Office, ILO. google scholar
  • ILO. A. (2019). World employment and social outlook 2019, International Labour Office, ILO. google scholar
  • International Monetary Fund [IMF]. (2017). Seeking sustainable growth: Short-term recovery, longterm challenges. Author. google scholar
  • Jarrett, W. H. (1985). Caregiving within kinship systems: Is affection really necessary. The Gerontologist, 25(1), 5–10. google scholar
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1982). Old-age security value of children: Cross-national socioeconomic evidence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022182131004 google scholar
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1986). Status of women in Turkey: Cross-cultural perspectives. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 18(4), 485–499. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800030804 google scholar
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400101 google scholar
  • Kuşaksız, A. (2006). Kısmi süreli çalışan işçilerin Avrupa Birliği’nde ve Türkiye’de kısmi süreli çalışmayı tercih etme gerekçeleri. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 19–29. google scholar
  • Lee, E. K. (2002). Intergenerational solidarity in Asian immigrant families: Subtitle the experience of employed Canadians (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia). https://open. library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0090460 google scholar
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage. google scholar
  • Musso, S. (2013). Labor in the third industrial revolution: A tentative synthesis. Cambridge University Press. google scholar Neuman, L. W. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson. google scholar
  • Nurol, B. (2014a). Beyaz yakalı emeğin dönüşümü: Finans sektöründe emek süreçleri. (Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. google scholar
  • Nurol, B. (2014b). Bilgi toplumunda zanaat fikri: Beyaz yakalı emeğin değersizleşmesi. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 75–129. https://doi.org/10.18490/sad.53739 google scholar
  • Ocaklı, B. O. (2017). Intergenerational relationships between adult children and older parents in Turkey. (Doctoral dissertation, Oxford University, Oxford). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e5b11f40-8995-49fc-ab64-03c8ca332b3f/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=THESIS_BURCU%2BOZDEMIR%2BOCAKLI_2017.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis google scholar
  • OECD. (2022a). Old-age dependency ratio (indicator). google scholar
  • OECD. (2022b). Social spending (indicator). google scholar
  • OECD. (2022c). Family benefits public spending (indicator). google scholar
  • OECD. (2022d). Pension spending (indicator). google scholar
  • OECD. (2022e). Public spending on incapacity (indicator). google scholar
  • OECD. (2022f). Public unemployment spending (indicator) google scholar
  • OECD. (2022g). Public spending on labour markets (indicator). google scholar
  • Özdemir, A. M., & Yücesan-Özdemir, G. (2004). Living in endemic insecurity: An analysis of google scholar
  • Turkey’s labour market in the 2000s. South-East Europe Review, 2, 33–42. google scholar
  • Özmete, E. (2017). Türkiye›de kuşaklararası dayanışmanın değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. google scholar
  • Özsoy Özmen, A. (2016). Türkiye’de kamu çalışma ilişkilerinde güvencesizlik: Uyum ve Direniş. Notabene. google scholar
  • Özşuca, Ş. T. (2003). Esneklik ve güvenlik ikileminde Türkiye emek piyasası. İmaj Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Öztürk, M. S. (2016). Ailelerde nesiller arası normatif dayanışma araştırması. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 37–52. google scholar
  • Piore, M., & Sabel, C. F. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. Basic Books. google scholar
  • Punch, K. F. (1998). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. google scholar
  • Repetti, R., & Wang, S. W. (2017). Effects of job stress on family relationships. Current Opinion in google scholar Psychology, 13, 15–18. google scholar
  • Rifkin, J. (1995). The end of work: The decline of the global labor force and the dawn of the postmarket era. GP Putnam’s Sons. google scholar
  • Rugulies, R., Aust, B., Burr, H., & Bültmann, U. (2008). Job insecurity, chances on the labour market and decline in self-rated health in a representative sample of the Danish workforce. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62(3), 245–250. google scholar
  • Scicchitano, S., Biagetti, M., & Chirumbolo, A. (2020). More insecure and less paid? The effect of perceived job insecurity on wage distribution, 52(18), 1998–2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1734526 google scholar
  • Scodellaro, C., Khlat, M., & Jusot, F. (2012). Intergenerational financial transfers and health in a national sample from France. Social Science & Medicine, 75(7), 1296–1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.042 google scholar
  • Sennett, R. (1998). The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism. WW Norton & Company. google scholar
  • Silverstein, M., Burholt, V., Wenger, G. C., & Bengtson, V. L. (1998). Parent child relations among very old parents in Wales and the United States: A test of modernization theory. Journal of Aging Studies, 12(4), 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(98)90026-3 google scholar
  • Strazdins, L., Clements, M. S., Korda, R. J., Broom, D. H., & D’Souza, R. M. (2006). Unsociable work? Nonstandard work schedules, family relationships, and children’s well‐being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00260.x google scholar
  • Şenkal, A. (2015). Sosyal boyutuyla bilgi ekonomisi ve emek. Umuttepe Yayınları. google scholar
  • T. C. Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü. (2010). Türkiye’de aile değerleri araştırması. Manas Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Tamer, M. G. (2014). Kuşaklararası dayanışma ve işbirliği çerçevesinde gençlerin yaşlı ve yaşlılık algısının değerlendirilmesi. Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(15), 7–28. google scholar
  • Tatlıoğlu, E. (2012). Güvenceli̇ esnekli̇k çerçevesi̇nde esnek çalışmanın uygulanabi̇li̇rli̇ği̇. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 2(2), 69–84. google scholar
  • Tayşir, N. K. (2018). Türkiye’de fordist üretim krizinin ortam koşulları bağlamında incelenmesi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(32), 47–66. google scholar
  • T.C. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. (2020). Yaşlı nüfusun demografik değişimi. https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/45354/yasli-nufusdemografikdegisimi-2020.pdf google scholar
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2020). İstatistiklerle yaşlılar. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/ Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2020-37227 google scholar
  • Tufan, İ. & Yazıcı, S. (2009). Yaşlılıkta kuşaklararası ilişkiler. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 20(1), 47–52. google scholar
  • Vergeer, R., & Kleinknecht, A. (2012). Do flexible labor markets indeed reduce unemployment? A robustness check. Review of Social Economy, 70(4), 451–467. google scholar
  • Yaprak, Ş. (2009). Ekonomik krizlerin istihdama yansıması. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 55–64. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, F. (2015). Çocukların dünyasına yaşlıları dâhil etmek: Okul temelli kuşaklararası dayanışma modelleri. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(1), 275–296. google scholar