HEGEL'DE İNSANLIK, ÖZGÜRLÜK VE SOSYO-POLİTİK TOPLULUK SORUNU
Hegel'in sosyal ve siyasal felsefesi, öz-belirlenime sahip tekil öznelik ile etik-sosyal/kolektif bütünlük sorunsalında temellenir. Hegel özerk/özgür tekil öznelik fikrinin ancak organik bir şekilde vücuda gelen bir varlık olarak külli özne, bir diğer deyişle, evrensel kolektif bütün/öz fikri içinde geliştirilebileceğini savunur. Nitekim Hegel, öznel gerekçelendirmede, ben-bilinci, karşılıklı tanıma ve akıl/ruh kavramları aracılığıyla öz-bilincin hakikatini nasıl bir başka öz-bilinçte bulduğunu ve gerçeklik ve ötekiyle özdeşleştiğini inceler. Bu özdeşleşmenin öz-bilinçlerin birbirlerini özgür-özerk tekil varlıklar olarak tanıması ve böylece evrensel rasyonel ve özgür doğalarını gerçekleştirmelerini sağladığını savunur. Hegel, nesnel çözümlemede ise, rasyonel-özgür tekil öznenin etik-sosyal varlık alanında vücuda gelişini temellendirir. Buna göre evrensel özün belirlenimi olarak etik-sosyal kurum ve pratikler, insan teklerinin öznel/tikel özgürlüklerini kolektif/külli özgürlükle bütünleştirmesini mümkün kılar. Bu çalışma, Hegel'in insanlık, özgürlük ve sosyo-politik topluluk fikrini ihtiva eden sosyal ve siyasal felsefesinde özerk/özgür tekil öznenin nasıl ve niçin aynı zamanda etik-sosyal bir varlık olduğunu ayrıntılarıyla tartışacaktır.
HUMANITY, FREEDOM AND SOCIO-POLITICAL COMMUNITY IN HEGEL
The central question that Hegel's social-political philosophy aims to answer is the problem of the self-determining subject and the ethico-social being. Hegel argues that the self-determining subjectivity necessarily requires an idea of the universal collective existence which rests on the conception of the universal subject as an internally differentiated unity. In the subjective exposition, Hegel shows how self-consciousness finds its truth in another self-consciousness and comes to find its essence as universal self-consciousness. As such, this is the unity of the subject with the object and identity with the other. This identification provides the universal objective substance on which human individuals recognize each other as free independent beings and acquire rationality and freedom as their universal essence. In the objective justification, Hegel examines the actualization of this concept of the self-determining free will into the ethical-social world. The ethical-social institutions and practices as the actualization of the universal essence make it possible for human individuals to reconcile their subjective/particular freedom with the collective/universal freedom. This article critically examines how and why in Hegel's social and political philosophy the self-determining individual subject is at the same time and necessarily the ethico-social being.
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