PATH TO DEVELOPMENT VIA GENDER EQUALITY: A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING OF FEMALE HUMAN CAPITAL FACTORS

Kadınlar cinsiyet eşitsizliği nedeniyle siyasi açıdan parlamentolarda daha az temsil edilmektedir. Toplumsal yaşamın birçok alanında cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin azaltılması için politikalar geliştirilirken kadınların yetkisi için ulusal parlamentolara katılımlarında yapılması gereken birçok şey olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle parlamentolara kadınların katılımını etkileyebilecek faktörleri analiz etmek önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 2010 yılı için üst, orta ve yüksek gelir düzeyindeki ülkelerin kadın eğitimi, kadın işgücü, kadın sağlığına ilişkin değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler ve bu değişkenlerin kadınların parlamentoya katılım durumu üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmek hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada regresyon analizi ile faktör analizinin bir uzantısı olan ve eş anlı karmaşık ilişkilerin aynı anda analiz edilebilmesini sağlayan yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda eğitimin istihdam ve sağlığı doğrudan etkilediği, kadınların parlamentoya katılımını ise dolaylı etkilediği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, istihdam ve sağlığın parlamentoya katılım üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kadınların parlamentoya katılım oranı, Kadın eğitimi, Kadın sağlığı, Kadın işgücü katılım oranı, Yapısal eşitlik modeli

Path to Development via Gender Equality: A Structural Equation Modelling of Female Human Capital Factors

Keywords:

Female participation rate in parliament, female education, female health, female labour force participation, structural equation modeling,

PDF

___

Anderson, K.,1975, “Working Women and Political Participation, 1952-1972”, American
Journal of Political Science, Vol:19, No:3, pp:439-53. Browne, A.W. and H.R. Barrett.,1991, “Female Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Key to Development?”, Comparative Education,Vol: 27, No:3, pp: 275-285.
Diaz, M.M., 2005, Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European
Parliaments. ECPR Press Monographs. Grossman, M., 1972, “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health”,
Journal of Political Economy, Vol:80, No:2, pp:223–255. Hair, J.F., R.E. Anderson, R. Tatham and W. Black.,1996, Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice Hall.
Halder, N.,2004, “Female Representation in Parliament: A Case Study From Bangladesh”,
New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, Vol: 6, No:1, pp: 27-63. Hill, D.B.,1981, “Political Culture and Female Political Representation”, The Journal of Politics, Vol:43, No:1, s: 159-168.
Hooper, D., J. Coughlan and M.R. Mullen.,2008, “Structural Equation Modelling:
Guidelines for Determining Model Fit”, The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, Vol:6, No: 1, s: 53 – 60. Iversen, T. and F. Rosenblutt. 2008, “Work and Power: The Connection Between Female
Labor Force Participation and Female Political Representation”, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol: 11, s: 479-495. Joreskog, K.G.,1973, A General Method for Estimating a Linear Structural Equation
System. In AS Goldberger, OD Duncan (eds.), Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences, New York: Seminar Press. Kaplan, D., 2000, Structural Equation Modeling Foundations and Extensions, USA, Sage Publications.
Keesling, J.W., 1972, Maximum likelihood approaches to causal flow analysis. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, USA.
Kenworthy, L. and M. Malami, 1999, Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A
Worldwide Comparative Analysis. Social Forces, Vol: 78, No:1, pp: 235-268. Kline, Rex,B., Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, New York, Baskı, Guilford Press, 2005
Kızılgöl, Ö.A., 2012, The Determinants of Female Participation to the Labour Force: An
Econometric Analysis (in Turkish). Journal of Doğuş University (Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi), Vol: 13 No:1, pp: 88-101. Maruyama, G.M. 1998, Basics of Structural Equation Modeling, U.S.A, Sage Publication.
Matland, R.E., 1998, Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol: 23, No:1, pp: 109-125.
McCrary, J. and H. Royer, 2006, The Effect of Female Education on Fertility and Infant
Health: Evidence from School Entry Policies Using Exact Date of Birth, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, Working Paper 12329: 1-59.
Norris, P., 1987, Politics and Sexual Equality: The Comparative Position of Women in
Western Democracies, Boulder, CO: Rienner. Paxton, P., 1997, Women in National Legislatures: A Cross-National Analysis, Social
Science Research, Vol:26, pp.442-464. Rule, W., 1981, Why Women Don’t Run: The Critical Contextual Factors in Women’s
Legislative Recruitment, Western Political Quarterly, Vol: 34, pp: 60-77. Schumacker, R.E. and R.G. Lomax., 2004, A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation
Modeling. 2nd Ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., USA. Stockemer, D. and M. Byrne, 2012, Women’s Representation around the World: The Importance of Women’s Participation in the Workforce, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol: 65, pp: 802-8
Subbarao, K. and L. Raney, 1993, Social Gains from Female Education A Cross-National
Study, World Bank Discussion Papers, World Bank, Washington D.C. Subbaraom, K. and L. Raney, 1995, Social Gains from Female Education A Cross-National
Study, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol: 44, No:1, pp: 105-128. Timm, N.H., 2002, Applied Multivariate Analysis, USA, Springer.
Togeby, L.,1994, Political Implications of Increasing Numbers of Women in the Labor
Force, Comparative Political Studies, Vol: 27, pp:211-40. United Nations Human Development Report, 2011, Sustainability and Equity: A Better
Future For All, Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/ (accessed 10 December 2012).
Welch, S.,1977, Women as Political Animals? A Test of Some Explanation for Male-Female
Political Participation Differences. American Journal of Political Science, Vol: 21, pp: 711- Wiley, D.E., 1973, The Identification Problem for Structural Equation Models with
Unmeasured Variables. In AS Goldberger, OD Duncan (eds.), Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences, New York: Seminar Press. World Bank Development Report, 2012, Gender Equality and Development, Available at: http://econ.worldbank.org/ (accessed 10 December 2012). Appendix