___

• Aksel G, Oner Bozan O, Kayacı M, Guneysel O, Sezgin SB, (2015). Rising threat; bonsai. Turk J Emerg Med 15: 75-78. Almada M, Costa L, Fonseca BM, Amaral C, Teixeirab N, Correia-da Silva G, (2017). The synthetic cannabinoid WIN-55,212 induced-apoptosis in cytotrophoblasts cells by a mechanism dependent on CB1 receptor. Toxicol 385: 67-73. Atik SU, Dedeoğlu R, Varol F, Çam H, Eroğlu AG, Saltık L, (2015). Cardiovascular side effects related with use of synthetic cannabinoids “bonzai”: two case reports. Turk Pediatri Ars 50(1): 61-64. Castellanos D and Gralnik LM, (2016). Synthetic cannabinoids 2015: an update for pediatricians in clinical practice. World J Clin Pediatr 5: 16-24. Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL, Pirard S, Huestis MA, (2014). Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depen 144: 12-41. Cooper ZD, (2016). Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids: management of acute toxicity and withdrawal. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18(5): 52-71. Couceiro J, Bandarra S, Sultan H, Bell S, Constantino S, Quintas A, (2016). Toxicological impact of JWH-018 and its phase I metabolite N-(3-hydroxypentyl) on human cell lines. Forensic Sci Int 264: 100-105. Debruyne D and Boisselier RL, (2015). Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on synthetic cannabinoids. Subst Abuse Rehabil 6: 113-129. Mitou G, Budak H, Gozuacik D, (2009). Techniques to study autophagy in plants. Int J Plant Genom 2015, Article ID 451357: 1-14. Gözüaçık D, (2011). Otofaji analiz yöntemleri ve uygulama aşamaları. In S. Koçtürk & H. S. Vatansever, eds. Hücre Ölümü Araştırma Teknikleri. İzmir: Dokuz Eylul University Press, 129-141. Hess C, Schoeder CT, Pillaiyar T, Madea B, Müller CE, (2016). Pharmacological evaluation of synthetic cannabinoids identified as constituents of spice. Forensic Toxicol 34: 329-343. Ibrahim S, Al-Saffar F, Wannenburg T, (2014). A unique case of cardiac arrest following K2 abuse. Case Reports in Cardiology 2014, Article ID 120607: 1-3. McKeever RG, Vearrier D, Jacobs D, LaSala GL, Okaneku J, Greenberg MI, (2015). K2-not the spice of life; synthetic cannabinoids and ST elevation myocardial infarction: A case report. J Med Toxicol 11: 129-131. Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Mackie K, Pacher P, (2010). Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 160: 688-700. Schupp N, Schmid U, Heidland A, Stopper H, (2008). Rosuvastatin protects against oxidative stress and DNA damage in vitro via upregulation of glutathione synthesis. Atherosclerosis 199(2): 27–287. Tomiyama K and Funada M, (2011). Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids found in “Spice” products: The role of cannabinoid receptors and the caspase cascade in the NG 108-15 cell line. Toxicol Lett 207: 12-17. Tomiyama K and Funada M, (2014). Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids on primary neuronal cells of the forebrain: the involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors and apoptotic cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 274: 17-23. Table: The results of apoptosis and necrosis in the H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells treated with AM-2201 Concentrations (μM) Apoptosis (mean% ±standard error) Necrosis (mean% ±standard error) Negative control 0.31 ±0.03 1.03 ±0.08 12.5 0.36 ±0.04 3.94 ±0.07* 25 0.48 ±0.06 8.27 ±1.12* 50 0.76 ±0.08* 7.22 ±1.05* 100 0.94 ±0.08* 8.05 ±1.11* *p>0.05, one-way ANOVA, Post Hoc and Dunnet t-test.